Investigation of the hive air flow in dpü bee pasture by CFD analysis and investigation of the effect of melittin obtained from Apis mellifera L. on some microorganisms

In this thesis study, a DPU bee area was created, the flow currents of the Langstroth type empty hive were simulated with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), and the care and continuity of the honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) there were ensured. Additionally, the hive air component was analyzed by GC-MS. Secondly, the powdered sugar method and the prepared remedies were applied and compared to combat the varroa pest. The bees responded to the remedy treatment prepared with Mentha piperita and won the fight against varroa. On the other hand, bees could not acquire hygienic behavior with the powdered sugar method. Bee venom collected from bees treated with the remedy was purified using HPLC and LC-MS was performed for mass spectral evaluation. In the continuation of the study, the effects of melittin, purified from bee venom, propolis, collected from the hive, and, additionally, ampicillin on six different microorganisms were compared and three different methods were also compared. These methods are called well, dripping and disc diffusion. The bee product handled in this thesis was melittin and it is effective in the treatments of antimicrobial agents, antiviral drugs, and immune system modulators and believed to be effective in controlling microbial infections. The results showed that melittin was most effective in the drip method among the three applied methods. It is not effective in disc diffusion. Although zones are formed with the well method, the values show that the bacteria are resistant to both CSLI (CSLI, 2023) and EUCAST (EUCAST, 2023) standardization. On the other hand, zone formation for ampicillin occurred only for E. coli (zone diameter: 14 mm) and S. aureus (zone diameter: 30 mm). According to these results, we can comment that E. coli is at the limit of resistance to ampicillin and S. aureus is sensitive to ampicillin. However, we recommend to increase these experiments in the future. Moreover, propolis studies should be continued. Because sensitive (S) results were obtained especially for P. aeruginosa and S. aureus species. The highest zone diameters was obtained at 30 mm for P. aeruginosa and 19 mm for S. aureus in the studies. This thesis presents the results of a study conducted specifically to investigate the potential of using melittin in the treatment of infection and to evaluate its usability as an antimicrobial agent. Data in the literature show that melittin has antimicrobial effects and can be considered as a potential treatment option. However, further clinical studies are needed and dosage and administration accomodations should be carefully adjusted considering the toxicity of melittin. This study may be a valuable beginning for a new treatment option and may shed light on future research to better understand the antimicrobial effects of melittin.