Graphene oxide/hydroxyapatite nanocomposite scaffolds for tissue engineering

Tissue engineering (TE) provides the development of supporting and structural skeletal material for the regenerative medicine, the most therapeutic strategy of biomedicine. The scaffold can be used in accordance with the clinical requirements for tissue slits or degeneration. These scaffolds provide the materials necessary for the cells through diffusing the matrix, while the cells also hold onto this structure and grow into their own texture. These scaffolds enable the complex kinematic system in the joint to occur during daily activities, carrying the general mechanical response and motion applied forces of the body, and fulfill the unique mechanical properties of critical biomechanical functions, geometry, attachments and scaffolds. GO's superior properties and biocompatibility give a big potential to TE. Recent research has shown that GO promotes cell proliferation and differentiation depending on the high surface area and activates porous 3-D construction. Also the previous studies proved the mechanical property of the GO. In this study, tissue compatibility of scaffolds and different ratios of GO / HA nanocomposite materials performed. Cell culture tests and material characterization were performed and the results were compared with other literature studies. In this comparison, it was observed that the graphene oxide widened the hydroxyapatite surface area and increased cell proliferation. Sinterization is another effect to supply mechanic support. Some characterization tests were performed to develop produced different ratio GO scaffolds. The TEM analysis confirms the presence of the spherical shape morphology of the prepared hydroxyapatite nanoparticle with the particle size of around 30 to 50 nm but DLS particle size was higher than TEM results. Agglomeration is the reason of this differences. Besides, cell culture and characterization tests point out that the GO supports the cell proliferation cell adhesion with the well compatible features. GO increases the specific surface area and it aids to cell penetration and colonization. Therefore the cell- tissue compatibility and the osteogenesis (bone regeneration) was supplied by our GO-HA nanocomposite scaffolds. 0.5 % and 1% GO included scaffolds have perfect proliferation also, the cells seem very healthy. Dapi, Anti vinculin and Dio-6 tests support this result. On the other hand this study illustrates the increased amount of GO help to cell proliferation.