How does islam treat people outside the Abrahamic religions? between Adamiyyah and İbrâhimiyyah

This thesis demonstrates the divergent positions on the legal status of the communities adhering to non-Abrahamic religious traditions in Islam. The thesis analyzes the generally accepted positions of the different schools of Islamic law on this question, with a primary focus on the inviolability of the basic axiomatic rights of these communities. This will be carried out by philological surveying and analyses of primary sources of Islamic law, engaging with their epistemology, and attempting to classify rationales of their adopted positions, in addition to commentaries and secondary sources on the topic. The thesis is divided into three interrelated sections. The first section deals with the theoretical framework of the status of these communities, generally referred to in the Islamic texts as non ahl al-kitāb, according to the schools of Islamic law. It uses the discussion on the jizya payment, a payment Muslims required from their non-Muslim subjects, as a key to understand this view. The discussions reveal a divergence on universality. Two positions are outlined in this context: the position of Adamiyyah, which accepts the inclusion of all human beings, including those who are non-Abrahamic affiliates, in the circle of inviolability by virtue of their humanity, and guarantees their rights under the Muslim rule; and the position of Ibrahimiyyah, which restricts the inclusion in inviolability and the acceptance of the jizya to the religious communities belonging to the Abrahamic traditions. The second section provides three examples of inclusion and inviolability of non-Abrahamic communities under the Muslim rule of Iran, North Africa, and India. The section shows that a vital underlying rationale for this inclusion is the framework established by the jurists. The third section highlights the continuity of the Adamiyyah tradition to the contemporary times and its validity to discussions of the rights of religious communities in today's world