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Anabilim Dalı
Impact of modernization on Pashtun culture and the role of Sen's capability approach
There have been suggestions from the literature that contemporary forces are straining the cultural harmony of Pashtuns in Pakistan, in addition to there being a need for a more holistic approach to development in the region. Therefore, this thesis attempts to answer two valuable questions: first, how is modernization impacting Pashtun culture, and second, is Amartya Sen's freedom-centered Capability Approach able to identify and resolve the challenges of modernization within the Pashtun context? Nobel Laureate economist Amartya Sen's Capability Approach—which sees human freedom as the centerpiece of development rather than the mere increase in material wealth--is a breakthrough in development studies. Due to the flexible applicability of Sen's approach, this thesis attempts to innovate from his ideas by evaluating the cultural "capabilities" of Pashtuns. Likewise, this work also critiques Sen's approach and philosophical assumptions; it concludes that his own normative worldview misses the deeper challenges of modernization. Field research was personally conducted in Pakistan for the purpose of this study--revealing primary knowledge of Pashtun culture and local perceptions. The results of this study suggest that certain cultural features of Pashtuns—their social village complex (Hujra) and traditional legal execution institution (Jirga) are facing challenges in modernity while their dynamic moral worldview system (Pakhtunwali) is at risk of losing its original significance. There are three reasons for this: urbanization, bureaucratization, and technology. This thesis utilized a mixed-method approach which consisted of both qualitative discourse, and opinion-based quantitative survey data. Yet the survey size was not large enough to make a conclusive claim—rather wishing that further studies may be inspired by this work. It is hoped that this research will benefit area and development studies in Pakistan, as well as inspire a much-needed application of Sen's Capability Approach within the context of preserving traditional cultures.
From partisan interventions to mediation: The changing roles in Turkish foreign policy
This thesis seeks to assess whether third parties intervening in conflicts can play both partisan and non-partisan (mediator) roles, and interrogate the effects of playing both roles in global conflicts. The thesis adopts a qualitative content analysis approach. This research method has come into wide usage in International Relations research in recent years and describes a constellation of analytical approaches ranging from interpretive analyses to strict textual examinations. The study is related to third-party conflict intervention and its impact on international and regional politics. As a third-party actor, this thesis argues that the role of Türkiye has been changing as partisan or mediator depending on Türkiye's national security interests and the power projection of the other major actors which intervene in the specific conflicts. To explain and understand third-party conflict intervention, there are four cases have been tested and discussed; First, Türkiye plays a partisan role in the ongoing Libyan conflict by deploying military forces to support the Libyan Government of National Accord (GNA) in its fight against the Libyan National Army (LNA). Secondly and thirdly, despite facing opposition to its military incursions in Syria and Iraq, Türkiye continues to play partisan roles in the two conflicts by deploying military forces against the PKK and its affiliate, the YPG. Finally, Türkiye plays a non-partisan role in the conflict between Russia and Ukraine by offering to serve as a mediator on a wide range of issues, including a possible cessation of hostilities and a return to the negotiating table.
The contested grounds of human rights in Islam and the West: A comparative study
In this thesis we explore the problem of the contested grounds of human rights in Islam and the West. While we live in an era in which human rights are at the center of our global moral discussions, human rights have been challenged for their bias in Eurocentric ethics and anthropologies. At the same time human rights were secularized in the twentieth century and divorced from their historical theological underpinnings, without being supplanted by any viable philosophical alternative. This has left modern human rights philosophically ungrounded and in need of a theory of justification. The current "crisis of human rights" has instigated new scholarship on the philosophical grounds of human rights, especially in Christian and Jewish ethics. The Islamic legal tradition is notably absent from this debate. Research on Islam and human rights almost exclusively focuses on a "narrative of conflict" and lacks a sustained engagement with classical Islamic law (fiqh) and legal philosophy (uṣūl al-fiqh). Both Orientalists and human rights lawyers have claimed Islam has no conception of human rights and is merely a "duty-based system". This thesis moves beyond the reductionism of legal Orientalism and approaches Islamic law discursively as a legal-philosophical tradition that can make worthwhile contributions to contemporary philosophical debates. Through the frameworks of comparative legal studies and conceptual history (Begriffsgeschichte), this thesis traces premodern human rights discourses in medieval and early modern Islam and the West. In doing so, we explore how human rights were conceptualized, justified and grounded, and how they may speak to our current moral concerns today.
What If ? Science fiction Hollywood films as a cultural artifact: A showcase of Western worldview
In a « disenchanted » West, to use Max Weber words, a predictable world, where modern science, secularism, impersonal market economy and bureaucracy reign supreme, science fiction as a field of speculation, prediction, warnings or as a lab of the future is undeniably popular in cinemas this last two decades. As cultural artifacts, they offer ready to be used reading grids to make sense of a society that becomes more complicated with each passing day. As Walter Lippmann (1997) argued that cinema has "authority over the imagination" and since "The films of a nation reflect its mentality", as perfectly stated by Kracauer (1947), I analyzed how Science Fiction Hollywood films, considered as a cultural artifact, act as a showcase of western worldview, shaping our understanding and expectations of both present and future ? In front of recurrent themes, such as « natural » disasters, wars, dehumanization and social fractures, I chose and examined through discourse and film analyses seventy science-fiction Hollywood films and did six case studies : Avatar, Interstellar, Inception, Jurassic World, Black Panther and Hunger Games. Through a symptomatic interpretation, I systematically analyzed patterns and elements, (codes in Roland Barthes' words), whose frequency is revealing of their cultural relevancy. Science fiction films are as much a product of the society as a producer of discourse within the society, showcasing the Western world, both feeding on and feeding its fears, hopes, visions of the future and featuring archetypes of threats and heroes. I thus analyzed the films through three main axes, guiding my quantitative and qualitative analysis, loosely mimicking Joseph Campbell's hero's journey : the novum, the threat and the savior.
A historical, comparative approach to state formation in Europe and the Ottoman Empire: From the Medieval ages to the modern era
This thesis starts from a dissatisfaction with essentialistic approaches to the formation of modern nation-states in Europe and across the former territories of the Ottoman Empire. There has always been a Eurocentrist tendency to create a dichotomy of feudalism vs non-feudalism (or Oriental Despotism, or the Asiatic Mode of Production), and to derive or deduce all subsequent development from these supposedly unchanging identities. This is a fundamentally monocausal perspective. It overlooks the contingent, multifactoral unfolding of history. Against it, I follow a historical sociology that is not strictly deterministic, but allows for accidents, including mistakes on the part of (and from the perspective of) the various actors involved. Thus an attempt is made to look beyond the basic historical fact of fief-based states in both East and West, to the different power configurations resulting therefrom. To that beginning, I add, first, the impact of the Military Revolution on the genesis of the modern state. Second, I add the impact of Nationalism, filling up existing containers with new content to go from the modern state to the nation-state. Third, by bringing in imperialism and colonialism, I try to go outside Europe to see what happened elsewhere. This kind of comparative exercise is a valid sub-field for civilization studies.
Improvement or degeneration of fiqh? A critical study of the Majalla
This thesis critically engages with the concept of fiqh and its manifestation in the form of the Majalla. Problems are occasioned when human predicaments are expressed in textual form. Does fiqh fare better in this than law as conceptualized in the West? Does a fiqh paradigm change for the worse when a fiqh text is taken as a code? The Majalla presents an interesting case which is at a critical juncture in history. In the beginning, I critically investigate how fiqh compares with the Western legal paradigm in its conceptual and philosophical underpinnings. I then address the most pertinent question of whether the historical circumstances surrounding the Majalla represent a paradigm shift or a break in the fiqh tradition, arguing that while the former is unwarranted the latter seems to be. In Chapter 4, I survey some of the historical debates that surrounded the making of the Majalla, which provides a more nuanced picture of its substance and form. In Chapter 5, I address the concept of codification and investigate the imperatives motivating that phenomenon. I conclude that the same text, if posited in circumstances where modern understandings of codification are prevalent would presumably manifest a degeneration of fiqh as the imperatives that inhere in a fiqh paradigm are different. Chapters 6-7 address a deeper philosophical comparison of fiqh and law, where I address the notion of a 'gap' and demonstrate how it occurs at two occasions in the fiqh paradigm which affirms the character of fiqh as rooted in discovery rather than performativity. Thereafter, I further explore these notions concluding that legislating a fiqh text like the Majalla confuses the fiqh paradigm by imposing a configuration of roles that is not suited to that paradigm.
Yunus Emre and the voice of the ineffable absolute (Hakk)
In this work I seek to analyze the work of Yunus Emre in order to understand its reception, or rather lack of reception, and muted acclaim, in many circles. His poetry needs to be better known in an English-speaking academic context where, unfortunately, interest in the esoteric dimension of Islam, especially in languages which are not Arabic or Persian, is still very limited. On the contrary, what is too often highlighted is the more exoteric aspects that are usually linked to the legal dimension and more closely related to the Arabic language. I tried to find an answer to the following: what is the understanding of language in Yunus Emre? This question arises from the observation that the whole Divan is pervaded by a constant concern regarding the origin and nature of the same poet's words. We can speak of an obstinate self-enquiry with respect to the poetic gesture. Why is there this centrality of the language in Yunus Emre‟s poetic production? What is the main aim of this self-enquiry in his poetry? What are the ethical consequences of Yunus Emre‟s understanding of language? I have discovered that in general esotericism is a dimension that remains on the fringes of academic inquiry. This is true whether it is Islamic, Christian or Jewish esotericism, or even other traditions less studied in academia. Unfortunately, the post-enlightenment rationalist approach to the construction of knowledge has generally marginalized these types of knowledge. For this reason, there is still a need to shed light on other ways of engaging with the koranic revelation. Yunus Emre, with his poetry in vernacular Turkish and his esoteric perspective, in my opinion can and should play a key role in the creation of a counter canon that can complexify such an important historical phenomenon as Islam within world history.
Islamic books and their impact on the public sphere in Egypt in the 20th century
This research conducts a thorough examination of the production, distribution, and consumption of Islamic literature in Egypt from the 20th century to the present. It encapsulates the influence of historical, political, social, and technological factors on the industry. The study explores the oscillation between tradition and modernity in Islamic publishing, framing it as an arena where ideologies and visions are contested and redefined. The research highlights the complexities of Islamic literature, not merely as repositories of religious knowledge, but as spaces where narratives intersect and clash. Attention is drawn to the "Market Islam" phenomenon, underscoring tensions between authentic religious expression and capitalist globalization. The resurgence of authoritarianism and its impact on free discourse within the public sphere is also addressed. The study identifies challenges such as censorship, digitalization, and piracy, advocating for a proactive approach emphasizing quality, translation efforts, and digital engagement. In conclusion, the research envisions a renaissance in Islamic thought and literature, suggesting that publications can serve as platforms for negotiating narratives within the broader public domain. The study emphasizes adaptive strategies to preserve Islamic publishing's rich heritage and underscores its pivotal role within the public sphere.
The new warring states era: Reviving of Legalism in China
An attempt to explain China from a Confucian perspective and the assumption that China would become more democratic and liberal with its economic prosperity has ostensibly proved to be wrong. Despite China being second in GDP and first in the middle-class number, it is still not democratic and Xi Jinping's autocratic style is at odds with the benevolent ruling method advocated by Confucius. It seems that academic stereotypes that apply historically progressive approaches in China studies and put Confucianism at the center of Chinese political culture need to be revised. To this end, this paper tries to answer two specific questions which are why the historical approach is more appropriate for China study and what kind of governing style China trying to implement under the leadership of Xi Jinping. By shedding light on the most recent scholarly discussion on the methodology among Chinese scholars and examining the influence of the Legalist school of thought on the Chinese administrative culture, this study asserts that rather than the modernization approach, the historical political approach needs to apply to China studies methodologically and China's political culture should not always be studied from the Confucian perspective, but the Legalist school of thought also seriously takes into account. As to the second question, the present article claims that present-day China is on the way to reviving the Han style governing method under the national project "revitalizing the excellent Chinese culture".
Anti-Muslim racism in Finland: Finnish female muslim converts' experiences on racialization and misrecognition
This thesis explores the experiences of Finnish female Muslim converts on antiMuslim racism, racialization, and misrecognition. The research is rooted in the criticism of the current status quo regarding race relations in Finnish society. The study will thus explore how whiteness as a phenotype and as a socially constructed racial category has been part of the Finnish identity construction throughout history. The experiences of Finnish female Muslim converts on anti-Muslim racism are to be seen as a continuum of the historical "ethnoculturalization" of the Sámi and the Roma and the racism they have faced. The study also considers the Tatar Muslim minority's position in Finnish society, comparing their status as "Finnishized" Muslims to the other Muslim communities, who are by anti-Muslim racist terms defined as racial and cultural Others. The study will also analyze gendered forms of anti-Muslim racism, focusing on the Orientalist stereotype of an "oppressed Muslim woman." The interviews conducted for this thesis will also explore the concept of agency in the converts' narratives of their conversion stories and the Du Boisian doubleconsciousness to analyze how the stereotype is reflected in the female converts' identities as Muslim women in public. Keywords: Anti-Muslim Racism; conversion; misrecognition; racialization; Finnish Muslims; female Muslims.
Foreign intervention, radicalization, and political violence: harakat al-Shabaab al-mujahideen in Somalia
This study investigates the development of political violence phenomenon in Somalia spanning from 2001 to 2009, with a particular focus on the radicalization processes on the part of Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen. We assert that radicalization emerges as one of the potential outcomes on the part of an organization in a political struggle that unfolds in a complex, multifaceted, and contentious political setting. The main findings of this research are as follows: Radicalization dynamics exerted their influence more within the two episodes of social interactions. The first episode refers to the "onset of radicalization," which can be traced back to the conflictual dynamics between the faction leaders and other opposing forces vis-à-vis the Islamic groups and other rivals between 2002 and 2006, as the violence in targeted form took place through the mechanism of retaliation and added an ideological dimension to the conflict. It resulted in emboldening a network of dispersed individuals who later came to be known as al-Shabaab. The study regards the second episode as the most decisive factor. It begins with the Ethiopian intervention in Somalia between 2005 and 2009, which opened the floor for al-Shabaab to expand its tactical repertoire of action and modify its target preferences in a more institutionalized and aggressive manner, which we labeled "intensified radicalization." Political violence has been predominantly examined from security and terrorism studies perspectives, putting much emphasis directly on the 'stateless' environment and its consequences, i.e., anarchy and terrorism. Moreover, such approaches focus on the radicalization tendencies of individuals with respect to their psychological dispositions, emotional tendencies, educational background, or certain characteristics transmitted through genetic inheritance. Nevertheless, these approaches do not allow us to capture the whole process of conflictual dynamics in violence at length, and Somali studies have been no exception. This research follows a distinct approach to the phenomenon under investigation. We argue that political violence unfolds from the ebb and flow of collective claim-making and struggle for power on the part of a movement organization in the relational radicalization framework. Therefore, this study analyzes the radicalization process within a broader political context across distinct arenas of interactions in which the mobilization of social movements takes place. This study follows a mechanism-based research technique and embraces deductive and inductive reasoning. Regarding data collection, it relies on comprehensive face-to-face interviews carried out in Mogadishu, Somalia, coupled with 12 months of the research program as a research scholar at the University of Minnesota, United States. Additionally, secondary resources have been used to identify and locate a diverse range of sub-mechanisms that contributed to the emergence and escalation phases of the violent political campaign of al-Shabaab. After all, explaining how and when the radicalization process unfolded on the part of al-Shabaab, referring to the timing and sequences, constitutes the central area of investigation of this research.
İmparatorluğun sonunda müze ve İslam sanatı
Bu tez çalışmasında 19. yüzyıl ikinci yarısından 20. yüzyıl ilk çeyreğine uzanan süreçte Osmanlı Müzeciliği ve İslam sanatı koleksiyonlarının oluştuğu süreç ele alınmıştır. İslam sanatının kavramsallaşmasında ve siyasi bir imge haline gelmesinde Osmanlı müzeciliğinin ve eski eser koruma politikalarının rolü değerlendirilmiştir. Tezin tarihsel bağlamı bu dönemde öne çıkan imparatorluklar arası iktidar ve meşruiyet rekabetidir. Tezin birinci bölümü olan giriş bölümünde Osmanlı müzeciliğinin başladığı dönemin özelliklerine ve İslam maddi kültürünün iktidarla ilişkisine Osmanlı Saray koleksiyonları bağlamında dikkat çekilmiştir. İkinci bölümde "müze"nin tarihçesi ve "islam sanatı" kavramının ortaya çıkışı ve 19. yüzyılda Avrupa müzelerindeki konumu British Musuem üzerinden değerlendirilmiştir. Üçüncü bölüm, Osmanlı müzesinin kuruluşuna ve eski eser koruma politikalarına ayrılmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde Müze-i Hümayun'da kurulan ilk İslam koleksiyonu ile Evkaf-ı İslamiye Müzesinin kuruluş süreci ele alınmıştır. Beşinci bölümde ise eski eserlerin imparatorluklar arası rekabetin bir imgesi haline gelerek siyasileşmesi, uzun savaş yıllarında İslam kültür varlıklarının askeri hedef haline gelişi ve koruma politikaları üzerinde durulmaktadır.
Ampirik ve etik ayrımın ötesinde: İbn Haldun'un çok katmanlı siyaset ve eğitim felsefesi
Why is there a tension between the empirical and the ethical approaches in political and educational theory? For many, this tension is the legacy of David Hume who separated "is" and "ought" claims, and of logical positivism, which sharply distinguished between facts and values, hence between empirical and normative forms of inquiry as well. This philosophical principle has contributed to the indecision in the field of political theory over the last century, oscillating between empirical-positive and ethical-normative approaches, or in other words, descriptive and prescriptive perspectives, as scholars have struggled to balance these two frameworks. There was a division of labor: empirical political theorists focused on the empirical "is" of politics, while normative political theorists concerned themselves with the ethical "ought" of politics. Empirical approaches to political theory are concerned with discovering the causal laws that explain why society is the way it is. Normative approach to political theory, on the other hand, is concerned with ethical considerations, values, and prescriptions about how societies ought to be organized and governed. With the empirical and normative binary in mind, a contemporary reader of the Muqaddimah might find it challenging to ascertain under which of these two categories Ibn Khaldun's political theory most appropriately fits. To address this issue, the present study proposes revisiting Ibn Khaldun's political and educational theories in the context of the empirical-ethical binary and related discussions. One of the guiding questions of this dissertation is how helpful this distinction is for an adequate understanding of Ibn Khaldun's socio-political thinking generally, and his political and educational theories in Muqaddimah more specifically. This study reveals that Ibn Khaldun's political theory addresses both types of questions: the ontological-descriptive question about the state as "What makes a certain object a state?", and the ethical-normative question about the state as "What makes a state a just or an ideal state?". This suggests that Ibn Khaldun's political theory defies categorization within the narrow confines of the empirical-ethical binary. While Ibn Khaldun explicitly aimed to provide a scientific and realistic analysis of historical facts in a descriptive manner, differing from the utopian studies of the al-Farabi school, his work inherently serves a cognitive and instructive purpose to regulate society and guide policies, as implied in the name of his book, Kitāb al-ʿIbar. This aspect also speaks to the recent debate on ideal and non-ideal political theory, in terms of how to justify normative claims in order not to be 'too abstract.' The normative claims of the Muqaddimah are justified by the real facts of life and the divine revelation, which go hand in hand, providing a model for contemporary political theory that seeks to integrate the empirical and the ethical in how the ideal might be achieved in practical steps. The primary goal of this dissertation is to elucidate why there is no exclusion between the empirical and normative dimensions in Ibn Khaldun's political theory and to explain how this integration is achieved. The main argument of this study is that the philosophical foundations of Ibn Khaldun's political theory provide a multiplex framework in which the empirical and ethical dimensions coexist harmoniously, without being mutually exclusive or in binary opposition. It is this multiplex paradigm that makes his thought resistant to modern ways of thinking that typically operate within set dichotomies, i.e., distinctions that have translated into separations. Once the multilayered framework underpinning Ibn Khaldun's socio-political thinking is in view, we can then understand how his political and educational theories are simultaneously empirical and ethical, or descriptive and prescriptive, and why they are inevitably so.
Amerika'da bir Mevlevi: Süleyman Hayâti Loras
Amerika'da Mevlevîlik üzerine yazılmış özellikle İngilizce kaynaklarda, Konyalı Süleyman Loras'ın ismine sıkça rastlanmaktadır. Bu kaynaklarda Loras, 1970'li yıllardan sonra gerçekleştirdiği seyahatler ile Mevlevî geleneğini Amerika'ya taşıyan kişi olarak kabul edilmiştir. Buna karşılık Türkçe kaynaklarda Loras'ın ismine neredeyse rastlanmaz. Son yıllarda Türkiye'de "Batı'da Sufizm" üzerine yapılan çalışmalarda Loras'ın adına yer verilmeye başlanmış ise de kendisi hakkındaki bilgiler oldukça sınırlıdır. Ayrıca Konya'da mütevazi bir aşçı olarak bilinen Loras'ın, dergâhların kapatılmasından sonra dergâh terbiyesi görmüş dervişler ve ilmi seviyesi yüksek kimseler arasından öne çıkarılması ve Amerika'da Mevlevîliğin temsilcisi olarak kabul edilmesi dikkat çekicidir. İngilizce ve Türkçe kaynaklardaki Loras hakkındaki belirgin farklılık ve Mevlevîler arasından Loras'ın özellikle ön plana çıkarılması, Loras'ın hayatı üzerine ayrıntılı bir çalışma yapmanın gerekliliğini ortaya koyar. Bu amaçla bu çalışma, Loras'ın hayatı, Amerika seyahatleri ve faaliyetlerinin yanı sıra Loras'ın Mevlevîlik anlayışını ve Batılı müridler nezdinde onu etkili kılan bazı vasıfları ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışma, Loras hakkında yapılan ilk detaylı Türkçe çalışma olmasının yanı sıra, Loras'ın hayatını hem Konya hem Amerika'daki yönleri ile ortaya koyması açısından önemlidir. Bunun için öncelikle Loras'a ait yazılı ve görsel belgeler bir araya getirilmiş ve kronolojik olarak sınıflandırıldıktan sonra analiz edilmiştir. Eksik kalan noktalarda ikincil kaynaklardan faydalanılmıştır. Ayrıca Loras'ın mürid ve yakınlarıyla yapılan görüşmeler, bazı hususların netleştirilmesine ve kaynaklarda yer almayan soruların cevaplanmasına yardımcı olmuştur. Çalışmanın sonuçları şunlardır: Loras, Mevlâna Dergahı`nın kapatılmasından sonra Mevlevîlik yoluna hizmetleri ile ön plana çıkmış ve bu hizmetleri neticesinde dede unvanı almıştır. Batı'da Mevlevîliğe olan yoğun ilginin farkına varan Loras, Amerika'ya düzenlemiş olduğu seyahatler ile Mevlevîlik kültürünün Amerika'ya taşınmasında önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Loras'ın seyahatlerinin etkili olmasında Amerika'nın içinde bulunduğu manevi arayış dönemiyle birlikte Loras'ın sahip olduğu bazı vasıflar önemlidir. Ancak Loras'ın bazı uygulamaları Mevlevîliğin geleneğe uygun temsili konusunda bazı tartışmaları beraberinde getirmiş ve nihayetinde Mevlevîlik Amerika'da kendine has bir gelenek oluşturmuştur.
Imām Abū Hāmid Al-Ghazālı̄'nin düşünce sisteminde ilim ve eğitime bütünsel yaklaşım
The purpose of this thesis is to explore the means of knowledge acquisition put forward in Imām Abu Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī's theory of knowledge, with particular focus on those elements that would, today, be deemed prelogical in light of modern epistemic convictions. I will argue that such means are not prelogical or irrational, as they have been described in several places, but are the natural epistemic dimension of an extensive and sophisticated metaphysical theology that differs significantly from the metaphysical outlook (or lack thereof) that motivates such pejorative labeling. I will further argue that Imām al-Ghazālī's inclusion of these means is not a symptom of intellectual weakness or ritualistic bias, but a valuable illustration of the wholistic nature of Islamic thought, in which the metaphysical, the physical, the epistemological, and the ethical are all treated as inextricable facets of existence whose separating boundaries are, in many cases, impossible to delineate. Thus, Imām al-Ghazālī's conviction that seekers of knowledge should conduct their search through metaphysical, spiritual, and ritualistic means does not detract from, but rather lends coherence and strength to his theory of knowledge, which has become canon within the vast intellectual tradition of his faith.
Batıda islamlaşma karşıtı counterjihad hareketi ve islamlaşmayla ilgili dini terminolojiyi kullanımları
Counterjihad hareketi Amerika'da gerçekleşen 11 Eylül saldırıları sonrası dönemde ortaya çıkmış Batı'da İslamlaşma karşıtı İslamofobik bir akımdır. Batı medeniyeti değerleri ile İslam değerlerinin bir birinin antitezi olduğu, bir arada bulunamayacağı savunup çatışmacı bir anlayışı benimseyen hareketin hedefi Batı ülkelerinde cari olduğunu iddia ettikleri, İslami hakimiyet kurma amaçlı İslamlaşma olgusunun durdurulmasıdır. Counterjihad grupları bu hedefe yönelik yayınlarda bulunmakta, propaganda faaliyetleri yapmaktadır. Bu yayın faaliyetlerinde gözlenilen odur ki Counterjihad retoriği İslamlaştırma/hakimiyet kurma ile ilişkilendirdikleri belirli dini kavramlar olan ''Cihad'',''Hicret'',''Takiyye'',''Zımmilik'' kavramları ve bu kavramlarla alakalı alt terimler üzerinde dönmektedir. Tezde öncelikle Counterjihad hareketinin organizasyon ve düşünce yapısı hakkında bilgiler verilecek geri kalan bölümlerde Counterjihad'ın İslamlaştırmayla irtibatlandırdığı kavramlara verdiği anlamlar incelenecek ve bu anlamlar İslam kaynakları baz alınarak değerlendirilecektir. Tezin amacı hareketin kavramlara İslamlaşma/hakimiyetle irtibatlandırarak yaptığı tanım ve açıklamalarının çoğunlukla İslam ve Müslümanlar hakkında tehdit algısı oluşturmaya yönelik bir çabanın ürünü olduğunu ve Müslüman kaynaklı bazı yorum ve uygulamaların bu algıyı pekiştirir nitelikte olduğunu göstermeye çalışmaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: counterjihad, islamlaşma, medeniyet cihadı, hicret, takiyye, zimmi.
Arabic into latin: 10th – 12th centuries translations in europe
The bulk of studies on the transmission of Islamic science to the West focuses on the preponderance of the translations between the tenth and twelfth centuries in Spain. The trigger of the translations is usually presented as the Reconquista of Toledo in 1085. However, this Hispano-centric narrative distorts our understanding of the translation process. It associates the transmission of Islamic learning to a political, strategic and military event although the translations were a part of the Western scientific process that was already ongoing since the first century. By the tenth century, the Western scientific tradition was in a standstill but the dynamics that led to the translations were already active, not in the Iberian Peninsula but beyond the Pyrenees. The initial translations that emerged in the tenth century in the north eastern Spain stimulated the knowledge activities in France and prepared the suitable ground for further translations. Even though France contributed very weakly to the literal translations, the actors from France were very influential on the translation activities in Toledo. These activities ended up by an immense acquisition of knowledge which circulated to France to be assimilated. This thesis explores the contribution of France in the translations between the tenth and twelfth centuries. By this way, this study aims to posit the translations of this period within the Western scientific process.
Revivalist discourse in modern hinduism: A socio-religious study of the ramakrishna movement
ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis is to analyze Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa's (1836-1886) revivalist discourse based on three perceptions (i.e. God-Nature, Self, and Society) in the context of the emergence of new religious movements in modern India. Unfortunately, the scope of the study of revivalist movements is generally limited to the Middle East and the Western world, whereas, this piece of work dedicated to South Asia region to make available sources for comparison of Abrahamic and non-Abrahamic religions in the context of modernity. This would be my larger contribution to the study of revivalist movements. I also aspire to provide an academic discussion to the intellectual scholarships in the field work of studying the religions and modernity. The thesis is composed of four chapters plus introduction and conclusion part. Introduction part explains my methodological, theoretical and conceptual framework of how and why I study the revivalist discourse of Sri Ramakrishna, the importance of this thesis, literature reviews, my aims and positions in the Ramakrishna studies, some statements about my study. Chapter one explores the core dimensions of the socio-religious changes in Bengal in order to find the basic elements of the revivalism in Bengal Renaissance during 1800-1830s. Chapter two contains an overview of Ramakrishna's life considering his spiritual experience turning into religious doctrines. Chapter three examines Ramakrishna's revivalist discourses in his daily speeches as recorded in the Gospel of Ramakrishna. Chapter four concentrates how Ramakrishna's revivalist discourse was perceived by his disciples, especially by his foremost devotee Swami Vivekananda and how Ramakrishna Math and Mission started as an organization. Conclusion part includes all of my research findings of this master thesis project and also it gives a general overview of the concluding remarks of each chapter. Outcomes of his revivalist discourse regarding God-Nature shortly are; everything in universe is an embodiment of God and God is active all the time and takes care of everything; regarding self, attachment to worldly things (i.e. women and gold and egotism) are the main problems of modern man and the solution is realization of God with guidance of a religious leader (guru) by experiencing renunciation, devotion, faith and meditation; regarding society, instead of dogmatism of religions and sects he purposes the idea of harmony of religions.
Lübnan siyasal sisteminin açık ve kapalı medeniyet yaklaşımları
Bu çalışmada, medeniyet kavramına getirilen açık ve kapalı medeniyet yaklaşımının siyasi ve hukuki düzlemdeki teorik çerçevesini ve bu iki yaklaşımlar arasındaki farkı ortaya koyarak, bu yaklaşımın ışığında modern dönemde iki medeniyet yaklaşımını da tecrübe etmiş hususi bir vaka olarak Lübnan Devleti'nin son 200 yıllık tarihindeki siyasi olayları ve hukuki gelişmeleri ele alınmıştır. Açık ve kapalı medeniyet yaklaşımlarının Batı ile dünyanın geri kalanı arasındaki kırılmanın düzlemini yansıtması ve bu kırılmaya rehber oluşturabilecek bir yaklaşım olarak Recep Şentürk tarafından ortaya konmuştur. Bu anlamda Lübnan tarihinin 1860-1920 yılları arasında huzurlu geçen, açık medeniyet yaklaşımının modern devlet sistemi ile uyumlu yapısını gözlemlediğimiz mutasarrıflık dönemi incelenecektir. İkinci olarak Birinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasında Fransız mandası altında geçen 1920 ile 1943 yılları arasındaki kapalı medeniyet paradigmalarının bir idare sistemi oluşturmaya çalıştığı ve Batı medeniyet düşüncelerinin yerleşik medeniyet anlayışı yerine ikame edilmeye çalışıldığı dönemi; üçüncü kısımda ise Lübnan'ın Fransa'dan bağımsızlığını kazandığı 1943 sonrasından bugüne değin artık yerleşmiş bulunan kapalı medeniyet yaklaşımının siyasi ve toplumsal düzlemdeki sonuçları anlatılıp, sonuç bölümünde bu iki yaklaşım karşılaştırılacaktır.
The concept of matters and plants: Scriptural and philosophical approaches
There is today a dominant concept of materials and plants based on the positivistic view. Islamic classical views challenge the current concept of them. This thesis aims at a rediscovery of Islamic classical thought on the concepts of materials and plants with a special focus on their potential faculties. Since the 7th century, Islamic thought has provided humanity with the great knowledge of nature. The main sources of this study rely on the Qur'an, Hadith, and works of two Muslim intellectuals. However, there are small differences between perspectives of these sources, and thus this research also conducts a comparative exploration on the concepts of materials and plants among the above sources. This study has a great significance. The concept of materials and plants are changing. This thesis will show Islamic classical concept of them, and at the end, this will serve to charge our concepts of nature and environment. It will help to establish a meaningful relationship between human beings and nature. In addition, this study gives an important basis for environmental ethics, which is gradually attracting attentions of people all over the world. By the methodology, I analyze the concepts of materials and plants based on concerned verses of the Qur'an and authentic hadith reports and then display concepts of these souls from works of Ibn Sina and Erzurumlu Ibrahim Hakkkı.
Son dönem Osmanlı kelam geleneği: İsmail Gelenbevi (1730-1791) ve kelam risaleleri
Ismail Gelenbevi (d.1790) was an Ottoman scholar of great importance in the 18th and 19th Centuries. Most if not all studies to date have discussed Gelenbevi's contributions to the disciplines of logic, argumentation theory, and mathematics. This thesis provides an introduction to Gelenbevi's life and works by providing a succinct biography and an annotated bibliography of all of this works. Furthermore, it focuses on his contributions to the science of kalam, or systematic Islamic theology, by providing a study of his main kalam work, a gloss on Dawwani's (d.1509) commentary on Adud al-Iji's doctrinal primer. In particular, this thesis examines Gelenbevi's treatment of infinite regress, epistemology, human agency and subjectivity. These discussions demonstrate that Gelenbevi furthered the development of kalam in all of these areas, by providing new and more powerful arguments, in addition to providing a more in depth and unprecedented theorization of human subjectivity. The thesis also includes 6 editions of treatises by Gelenbevi that have not been published before: (1) a treatise on the tafsir of a Qur'anic verse; (2) a long treatise on the question of faith and action; (3) a treatise on priority (taqaddum); (4) a treatise on opposition (teqabul); (5) a treatise on the medium (wasita).
The jurisprudential foundations of human rights protection in the late Ottoman constitutional documents
I will attempt to examine whether the constitutional reforms in the late Ottoman Empire were indicative of political expediencies or religious legitimacies in this thesis. The subject matter of this thesis is the human rights protection of the late Ottoman constitutional documents. The Ottoman Empire underwent remarkable constitutional movements in the nineteenth-century. Throughout the century, numerous constitutional documents appeared between 1808 and 1875, which is characterized as "the Tanzimat period" in literature. These documents were the very first written official charts that guaranteed fundamental rights of all Ottoman subjects for both Muslims and non-Muslims. The question whether the rights, which these documents guaranteed, were shaped in conformity with classical Islamic jurisprudence or appeared under the influence of western institutions has been controversial in academic circles for a number of decades. Situating the discussion in the context of human rights in Islam and the history of law, in an interdisciplinary approach, I will attempt to reveal the Islamic jurisprudential foundations of the constitutional documents in terms of fundamental rights. The concept of `iṣmah has been utilized to protect and guarantee fundamental rights in Islamic jurisprudence since the very beginning of fiqh. In my thesis, I will examine the influence of the concept of `iṣmah on the human rights protection of the Constitutional documents in an attempt to illustrate Islamic jurisprudential foundations of the protection. The contention of this thesis is substantiated by the fact that the constitutional reforms were carried out (i) as a consequence of the metamorphosis of the state into a modern state, (ii) considerably in favor of the bureaucratic class, (iii) paying regard to the expectations of the Western states, and (iv) in conformity with Islamic jurisprudence in the Tanzimat era.
Din ve medeniyet arasındaki sınırın aşılması: İslam ve Batı medeniyeti çalışmalarında akımlar ve örnekler
What may account for the nature of relation between "religion" and "civilization" and how this is reflected in the study of Islamic and Western civilizations? Standing on the shoulders of formative figures in the field of "Civilization Studies", I studied how, on the one hand, religion and civilization are positioned among the various theories of civilization, and on the other hand, how this debate is particularly framed in the study of Islamic and Western civilizations. Apart from generally reviewing literatures in the field, the study closely examined the works of Ibn Khaldun, Toynbee, Hodgson, Spengler, Guizot, Jaspers, Comte, Halim Paşa, Al-Faruqi, and Karakoç. This review of theories revealed there were three major trends subsuming typical characteristics, especially in the study of Islamic and Western civilizations. These were Historic-empirical, Religiophilosophical, and Multiplex. These trends differ from one another based on the methods or approaches adopted; the preponderances of certain themes or contents; and their particular focus in the study of Islamic and Western civilizations. Of these trends, it was only in the study of Islamic civilization all the three trends were present. Except the Multiplex trend, the remaining trends generally dominate the study of Western civilization. This absence of Multiplexity could be attributed to the tendency that theories under this trend theorized about civilization, particularly Islamic civilization, without necessarily being confined to the traditional disciplinary confinements, which is rather common in the study of Western civilization. The study concludes although the nature of relation between religion and civilization tend to show divergence in the study of these civilizations, religion remains as an indispensable element. Keywords: Civilization Studies; Historic-empirical; Islamic civilization; Multiplexity; Religiophilosophical; Trends; Western civilization.
II. Meşrutiyet Dönemi Türk düşüncesinde doğu-batı algısı: İctihad ve Sırat-ı Müstakim dergileri örneği
Bu çalışmanın konusu II. Meşrutiyet dönemi Türk düşüncesinde Doğu ve Batı algısıdır. Tezin temel sorusu ise "İctihad ve Sırat-ı Müstakim dergileri etrafında kümelenen fikir muhitlerinin ben ve muhatap algıları neden ve nasıl değişti?" şeklinde belirlenmiştir. Bu bağlamda çağdaş Türk düşüncesini ve siyasetini şekillendirmede hala önemli bir yer işgal eden Batıcı ve İslami Yenilenmeci akımların 'kendi'ni ve 'başkası'nı nasıl tanımladıklarını açıklığa kavuşturmaya çalıştık. Elbette, tezin konusundaki zaman sınırlaması takdiri bir sınırlamadır ancak söylemlerin oluşumlarının tarihi-soyolojik bağlamdan etkilendiği gerçeğini dikkate alarak, çağdaş Türk düşüncesini şekillendiren söylemlerin daha belirgin olarak ortaya çıktığı II. Meşrutiyet dönemini tezin araştırma zamanı olarak belirledik. Söylemin inşasını tarihi ve sosyolojik bağlama indirgeme hatasında düşmemek için de "düşünce sosyolojisi" yöntemini tercih ettik. Böylece fikirlerin doğrudan söylemin inşasına etkisini ve temsilcilerinin konumları ile fikirlerin irtibatını anlamaya imkan bulunabileceğini varsayıyoruz. Tez dört ana bölüm ile sonuç ve değerlendirme bölümlerinden oluşmaktadır. Doğu-Batı kavramlarının Türk düşünce dünyasında nasıl ve niçin kullanıldığınının bağlamını vermek için tezin birinci bölümünde II. Meşrutiyet dönemi Türk düşüncesinin genel bir çerçevesini çizdik. İkinci ve üçüncü bölümleri ise doğrudan İctihad ve Sırat-ı Müstakim dergilerinin Doğu ve Batı algılarını tespit etmeye ayırdık. Dördüncü bölümde de sözü geçen dergilerin yaklaşımlarını, farklı başlıklar altında düzenlediğimiz tablolar halinde vererek karşılaştırmalı bir değerlendirme imkanı sunmak istedik. Çalışmanın neticesi gösteriyor ki, İkinci Meşrutiyet dönemi Türk düşüncesi bir yandan İslam ilim ve düşünce geleneği ile irtibatını sürdürmekte, öte yandan da Avrupa'nın düşünce mirası ile irtibat halinde bulunmaktadır. Buna rağmen, özellikle Sırat-ı Müstakim dergisinin, günümüzde Doğu ve Batı kavramları ile tanımlanan varlık alanlarına ilişkin kullandığı kavramlar ile seleflerinin kullandıkları kavramlar arasında güçlü bir irtibat ve belli bir süreklilik olduğunu gördük. İctihad dergisi çevresi ise İslami bir meşrulaştırma ihtiyacı duymasına rağmen, açıkça Batılılaşmaktan yana bir dil tercih etmektedir. Bu çerçevede "Sırat-ı Müstakim çevresinin mevcudu yeniden yorumlamayı, İctihad çevresinin ise yeni bir hayat tarzını ithal etmeyi tercih ettiklerini söyleyebiliriz.
"Sitting onto the soul" - inner experiences of modern Iranians with sufi poetry
This thesis aims at exploring the inner experiences of Iranians when reading or listening to Persian-language Sufi Poetry in modern Iran. Iranians have access to a large body of spiritual poetry that was composed on the fertile grounds of Sufism. Based on interviews and participant observation conducted during three months of field work, the study presents poetry as being experience itself rather than just a linguistic medium to transport fixed messages. Apart from investigating different kinds of poetic experiences, this thesis explores the various ways in which Sufi poetry creates experience in the reader and the listener, in both individual and collective settings. Being the first anthropological study on the experiential dimension of reading Sufi poetry in contemporary Iran, my thesis contributes to our understanding of Persian poetry, but also to our perspective on the medium of poetry as a whole. It also shows how a culture, even in the fast-paced 21st century, has managed to preserve its literary-spiritual heritage to an extent that it continues to provide meaning and direction to those who intentionally turn to it for guidance.
An exploration of various impacts of social media usage: The philosophical and sociological perspectives of Jacques Ellul's 'technique'
This thesis aims to unearth insights about the relevance and degree of applicability of the concept of "technique" as defined by the French philosopher and sociologist Jacques Ellul in his seminal work, "La Technique" (translated as "The Technological Society", published in 1964). Specifically my aim is to examine how Ellul's dialectical methodology can be used to examine the degree in which "technique" interacts with the world of internet and social media usages to produce particular global-scale changes in the way people communicate and use language. To what extent have recent developments in social media and internet-based communication, confirmed or contradicted Ellul's ideas and concepts of "technique"? Dialectics is central to Ellul's works as a whole, and can clearly be seen in the dialectical tension between human choice of action and technique. When humans use techniques, to what extent do such established techniques in turn, use human beings? Do humans use social media as a tool in a freely chosen or "neutral" way? Or does technique rigidly control the possible ways in which people can interact with such technology on a meaningful sociological level? This thesis will be referring primarily (though not exclusively) to Ellul's 1981 book "The Humiliation Of The Word" which adopts both theological and sociological analyses as part of its argument that modern life prioritizes the visual and the image over language and "the word". He argues that the word has been turned into an object and made subordinate to the image which represents the world of reality, action, technical application and objectivity as opposed to the world of truth, the theoretical, the abstract, and of human subjectivity which language represents. In light of this, what has social media done to language generally? Has it made communication more efficient through rationally applied technical methods? What is the price of this efficiency? Perhaps this efficiency is only apparent and results in an inefficient form of communication? What about the role of 'freedom' and 'necessity' with respect to the human subject? Does language and the word become more free as a result of social media technology? I shall be exploring several case studies concerning communication on the Internet that might help provide answers to such quesitons or produce new questions and problems with respect to Ellul's dialectic of Technique and Freedom, as well as the sociological and philosophical understanding of language and images in general.
"Münazara" and the internal dimension of argumentation ethics: A translation and commentary on Ahmed Cevdet's Adab-i Sedad in the light of sufism and western argumentation theories
Münazara is a contraction of Adab al-Bahs ve al-Münazara that could be translated as "Applied Ethics of Argumentation and Deliberation". It refers to an institutionalized discipline of disputation that started from al-Sarmaqandi's Risala fi Adab al-Bahs (mid. 13th century), comprehending juridical dialectics, philosophical dialectics and Sufi criticism of dialectics. After demonstrating the relation between Sufism and Münazara, I compare this eristic tradition with Western theories of argumentation, especially the New Dialectical School and the New Rhetorical School. I show that the main differences between these theories concern the understanding of "truth" and "ethics". Based upon Ahmed Cevdet Paşa's Adab-ı Sedad, I argue that argumentation discipline of Münazara does not only involve an external approach of ethics (i.e. etiquette) but also an internal one requiring from every discussant the control of their inner-self in order to implement a proper debate. I claim this internal dimension of argumentation ethics has not only a procedural role (conducting a proper debate) but also an epistemic one (defining what is not true).
Ebu Hasan el-Amiri'de din olgusu
The bulk of the research on the tenth century Muslim philosopher Abū al-Ḥasan al- ʻĀmirī (d. 381/ 992) has focused mainly on his philosophical writings. Far less attention has been given to the study of the religious phenomenon as it has manifested in al-ʻĀmirī's extent works. This dissertation has attempted to fill this gap by analyzing al-ʻĀmirī's understanding of human nature as well as his method of comparing between religions. I will present how al-ʻĀmirī's view of man as religious by nature is deeply interlinked with his determination of religion, namely Islam, to be the container of both truth and logical necessity. His rational defense of religion against the skeptics and pseudo-philosophers, who were seeking to undermine its core role, will be examined. I will also attempt to demonstrate how al-ʻĀmirī's rational discourse had been developed while the Muslim community suffered fragmentation due to its internal political disintegration and religious separatism. The thesis, furthermore, will focus on the classification of science and the superiority of religious knowledge over all other types of knowledge according to al-ʻĀmirī. It will explain how al-ʻĀmirī, despite his acceptance of religious diversity, believed that only Islam, among the religions, is moderate, rational, and suitable for man. He comes to this conclusion based on the use of comparative method throughout his book Kitāb al-i'lām bimanāqib al-Islām. By using such method to analyze religion, al-Amiri provides an early and unprecedented perspective to the study of comparative religion.
'The east is a delicate matter' or soviet orientalism in films about Central Asia 1955-1970
From the day modernity was instilled with the invention of motion picture, cinema has become a crucial instrument in the construction of identity and the development of the common sense of belonging. The issue of the Soviet representation of its own Orient, namely central Asia and its inhabitants via the 'most important art' as was emphasized by Vladimir Lenin, till this day has been significantly neglected within academia as a valuable source of research. The 'movies for the masses' which were made in the Soviet vostok (east/orient) or about it, through the complexity of ideas, together make up the Soviet Orientalist films' canon. This MA thesis sheds a new light on the discussions concerning Soviet Orientalism through the discursive analysis of the four different Soviet films that were produced during 1955-1970 visualizing central Asia. Also, my MA thesis demonstrates the continuity and connection of orientalist discourse in various types of Russia statehoods by providing the overview of the relationship between the Russian and its 'oriental' neighbors. Through an analysis of the discursive technics that were implemented in these cultural productions that aimed to visualize Central Asia from a 'Soviet' Weltanschauung, I aim to analyze how these tools were utilized to reconcile the Muslim heritage of certain Soviet territories with the presence of socialism. One wonders how the Soviet anti-imperialist rhetoric visualized in the context of the civilizatory mission? How exactly was the establishment of the Soviet authority depicted in films produced for a central-Asian audience allowing it to influence perceptions in the periphery of the Soviet? As such, this thesis will make a contribution to understanding the relationship between power and representation paradoxically manifested in the cinema productions of the Soviet towards central Asia during 1955-1970.
Homo Sacer: Muslims as outlaws in American political thought
As the United States of America has embraced and defended its right to operate with impunity on a global battlefield, Muslims in particular have found themselves in an increasingly Western-controlled and anti-Muslim world in terms not only spatial but also discursive, with Western intervention not only military but also ideological. Much has been written about the roots of anti-Muslim thought in the civilizational conflict between the Christian and Muslim worlds, or Euro-American racism and xenophobia, but the developments of the American War on Terror deserve a political analysis that measures the systemic impact on the safety of Muslims in the American order, with an eye for opportunities to strengthen their position. Giorgio Agamben’s philosophical work on outlawry and bare life in the Roman figure of homo sacer provide a field for this analysis, of which this thesis focuses on the Muslim American citizen as the Muselmann - he limit figure of humanity - in the global camp. How historical is Agamben's theory,and how contemporary? I argue that Agamben's theory is even more historical than he himself proves, and that Muslims in America, even the citizens among them, are the latest – but also, the most fundamental – example of bare life at the center of America's civil war.
Ghazali's personality theory: A study on the importance of humility in early childhood
The raising of children has always been understood to be central to ensuring the preservation of human society, culture, and ultimately civilization. Children are the carriers of our collective knowledge, our history, and our traditions—they are the carriers of our way of being. For centuries, social theorists have accepted child-rearing within the context of a family as an irreplaceable factor in the successful socialization, stable personality development, and identity formation of the individual. However, today's children are born into a world that challenges and at times alienates them from what were once considered essential and traditional markers of the 'self' including links to personal, generational, and cultural histories as well as communal, tribal, and most significantly, familial relationships. To analyze this crisis of self, this study will analyze the work of 11th century Muslim thinker, Abu Hamid al-Ghazali in order to distill a discernible theory of personality1 with specific reference to the significance of humility in early childhood as a way to counter the challenges posed by Modernity in developing personality and a stable selfhood.
From mary Sue to Mary Magdalene: First-person narration in female drag
This thesis analyzes two bildungsromans – Reşat Nuri Güntekin's Autobiography of a Turkish Girl and Alberto Moravia's Woman of Rome (both written by male authors, but narrated by female protagonists from a first-person perspective) – through the prism of a Japanese drag performance style josō buntai, the Madonna/whore dichotomy embodied in the two protagonists, and a transcivilizational emphasis on the construction of femininities in two different post-WWI nation-building settings (Atatürk's Turkey and Mussolini's Italy). Keywords: transvestite ventriloquism; male gaze; gender studies; Madonna/whore dichotomy; Reşat Nuri Güntekin; Alberto Moravia.
Formation of the social bond among Muslims in Early Islam
In Jahiliyya, namely in the pre-Islamic period, there were several strongly established traditions to be able to protect the rights of people and to enable the security in Arabian peninsula in which there was no central authority and jurisprudence. The biggest determinant factor which led to maintain these traditions among the society was the notion of asabiyya. The tie of blood and tribe was higher than every other bond in the society. Even sometimes the tribes were fighting with each other for years just to take revenge of one of their members who was killed by the other tribe. However, through the coming of Islam, it is seen that these cornerstones of the society began to change. On the contrary to the tradition of Jahiliyya, Islam required the bond of faith rather than the bond of blood as the determinant element for the society. And it is seen that this transformation was one of the main challenges of the new society which was consisted of the believers to their previous community. Throughout the era of the Prophet, various events and cases had caused this newly formed bond to develop gradually among the believers in terms of both political and social level.
Mediterranean Empires, mobility and multiculturalism in shakespeare's plays
This study is an exploration of multicultural exchanges in Shakespeare's plays within their Mediterranean context. It analyses the Mediterranean empires and their multiculturalism which are enabled by the mobility of people, information, and cultures in Shakespeare. The primary sources used in this thesis are Pericles, Antony and Cleopatra, Titus Andronicus, The Merchant of Venice, Othello, and The Tempest. The study argues that the mobility in the Mediterranean brings distortive and transformative impacts on individuals and societies in these six texts. It looks at how the people who frequently travel across the Mediterranean lose their identity and the empires which incorporate 'others' through territorial expansion are threatened by degeneration. This study argues that Shakespeare problematizes the mobility and multiculturalism in the Mediterranean that are analysed in his past, contemporary and future empires. Therefore, the thesis points out that Shakespeare's exploration of the dangerous intercultural exchanges in ancient and early modern Mediterranean empires functions as a historical foreshadowing for the newly emerging British Empire in his present time.
Aristoteles ve îcî'nin ahlâk düşücesinde değişimdoğa felsefesinde hareketin gayesi ve değişimin imkânı açısından bir inceleme
Bu çalışmamızda amaç, Aristoteles ve Îcî'nin düşünce sistemlerinden yola çıkarak, hareket ve değişim kavramlarını ahlak üzerinde incelemektir. Çalışmamızın temel sorusu, insanın hareket ve değişimlerini alırken, insanın tüm güçleri ve yetilerini tutarlı bir şekilde açıklamak, ardından iki müellif arasındaki ortaklık ve farklılıkları ortaya koymaktır. İncelememizin ilk aşaması, hareket ve değişimi ontolojik ve doğa anlayışı çerçevesinde ele almak olacaktır. Bu aşamada ortaya çıkan sonuçlardan yola çıkarak insani hareketin gayesi, engelleri ve değişme imkânını ele alacağız. Son olarak, insanın en yüksek etkinliğini esas alarak iki müellifimizin görüşlerini karşılaştıracağız.
Farabi felsefesinde insan ruhunun mahiyeti ve Ortaçağ felsefesine etkisi
Düşünce tarihinin en tartışmalı konularından biri olan ruh kavramını ele aldığımız çalışmamız, İslam Felsefesinin önde gelen isimlerinden biri olan Ebu Nasr Muhammed el-Farabi'nin bu kavram üzerine görüşlerini incelemek amacındadır. Farabi, Kadim Yunan Felsefesi ile Ortaçağ Batı Felsefesi arasında önemli bir düşünürdür. Aynı zamanda bu felsefeyi Ortaçağ Batı filozoflarına daha anlaşılır kılan mühim bir yorumcusudur. Biz bu çalışmamızda filozofumuzun ruh anlayışını, bu anlayışın Kadim Yunandan ne şekilde etkilendiğini ve Ortaçağ Batı Felsefesine nasıl yansıdığını incelemeye çalıştık. Çalışmamızın birinci ve ikinci bölümünde Farabi'nin ruhla ilgili görüş ve değerlendirmeleri, ruhun yapısı, kuvvetleri, beden ve Faal Akıl ile olan ilişkisi ve dünya hayatından sonraki akıbeti ekseninde ele alınmıştır. Filozofumuzun felsefesinde çokça etkilendiği, Kadim Yunanın Aristoteles, Platon ve Plotinus gibi öncü isimlerinin görüşlerine de kısaca değinmeye çalıştık. Böylece Farabi'nin felsefesini şekillendirirken yararlandığı kaynakları ve onları ait olduğu düşünce sistemi ve kültür içerisine nasıl uyarladığını görmüş olduk. Çalışmamızın son bölümünde ise, Ortaçağ Batı filozoflarının Arapçadan Latinceye tercümelerle başlayan felsefe hareketinin İslam filozoflarından, bilhassa da Farabi'den nasıl etkilendiğini, ruh kavramı ekseninde aktarmaya çalıştık.
"Hamdım, Piştim, Yandım": Mevlevî mutfağının zâhiri ve bâtınî rolleri
This thesis starts with the conviction that the strong role of food in traveling can be applied to historical spatio-temporal traveling. Our overarching research question is: what were the different roles played by the kitchen in Ottoman Mevlevîhânes? And our answer which formed the core of our framework was that the Mevlevî kitchen had both inner and outer roles. These roles were reflected in both the functions and the physical presence of two different kitchens in big Mevlevî tekkes known as Âsitâne. As such, Chapter One is a literature review of global food history and a comparison with the specific case of Ottoman food history. Chapter Two covers the outer role of the Mevlevî kitchen through a casestudy of the Vakıf of Mevlânâ Celâleddin Rûmî in the context of multiple crises which hit Central Anatolia in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Chapter Three covers the inner role of the Mevlevî kitchen known as matbah-ı şerif through a reading of major primary and secondary sources and a comparison with the relevant miniatures from an early Seventeenth century non-published Mesnevi manuscript.
İslam medeniyetinde misafirperverlik: İbn Battuta'nın Seyahatnamesinde fütüvvet
Hospitality is a familiar and valued ethic across times and civilizations. It has been worked upon as an ethical concept by ancient and modern philosophers. Hospitality is also a very broad term, starting with its familiar every-day usage and extending to topics such as migration, refugees, the other, the stranger and moving on to include the modern commercial hospitality sector. My aim is to take a holistic look at the concept of hospitality in the Islamicate civilization, in its normative and practical dimensions. This involves normative dimensions of hospitality in Islamic thought and the practical dimension, which is a case study of the great traveller Ibn Battuta's travelogue in terms of the hospitality that he was received with along his vast journeys. The normative dimension includes hospitality in primary Islamic sources of the Quran and the Sunnah, which provides the base for all Islamic ethical system. Moreover, it also includes the codification of Islamic ethics with the formation of futuwwa thought and organization in the ninth century Islamicate world. Here, I look at the principles of futuwwa in the futuwwa books, akhism and and zawiyas. In the practical dimension I want to answer the question of how these hospitality norms were applied in real life Islamicate civilization, a case study to look at the overlap between the normative and the practical. The time range set for the practical dimension is Marshall Hodgson's "Middle Periods" of the Islamicate civilization (950-1500 A.D.). These were flourishing times of Islamicate civil networks and institutions. The aim in this part is to look at how some of these institutions embodied the ethical notion of hospitality in their practices. In order to analyze this, I chose Ibn Battuta's travelogue as it is considered one of the most important books representing the society and the living conditions of the time. In this part I analyze Ibn Battuta's travelogue the Rihla, in terms of his experiences of being hosted as a traveller around the Islamicate world.
International aid for refugees in times of crisis
Since their first acknowledgment of refugees, the international humanitarian organizations have seen the "refugee" as a problem to be solved. These organizations developed with time to assist refugees and find solutions for their settlement. Throughout the line of development, the work of international humanitarian organizations went through many failures. However, failure to achieve humanitarian goals in work for refugees leads to tragic consequences because it affects whole populations that are already vulnerable due to their forced migration. The large refugee influxes that occurred in the twenty-first century marks the need for a further research about the role of the international humanitarian organizations and their efficiency in the field. This thesis develops an understanding of the kind of organizations which have been responsible for assisting refugees on an international level and aims to evaluate their responses. It is based on a review of relevant literature and an analysis of three types of documents: First, the charters which declare the establishment of international refugee agencies and their main responsibilities. Second, the Sphere project document, a guide, written by a collection of humanitarian organizations on the minimum standards that must be met in a humanitarian response. Third, the Regional Response Plan (RRP) which seeks to outline the aid provided to Syrian refugees in host countries east of the Mediterranean. The thesis argues that despite extensive experience in refugee aid and the knowledge of common problems that emerge across refugee contexts, the international humanitarian organizations which assist refugees are still ineffective in their response.
Kapalı siteler ve mahalle kültürünün dönüşümü: Beyaz Rezidans ve Nişancı Mahallesi karşılaştırması
Economic transformations in the world after 1950 have created differences within the forms of housing production. In the process where the dynamics of neoliberal policies, postmodernity, and consumer culture are spatialized, gated communities that spread all over the world by globalization have risen as a result of these transformations. The gated communities, which are different from previous ones, are formed and presented with their basic features within the framework of the specific context of each country and city. With this socio-economic transformation, after 1980, social polarization and socio-spatial segregation have also increased, and the housing and the neighborhood have redefined its structural and semantic meaning by making new properties. The multicultural, multi-ethnic, multi-layered, and sometimes multi-religious structure of the traditional Istanbul neighborhood with administrative, legal, economic and social functions has transformed into a homogeneous and fragmented structure, and in the new urban neighborhood, the nostalgic neighborhood culture became a marketing element of gated communities. In this study, social and economic developments in the world and the emergence process of gated communities in Turkey will be evaluated in parallel with the global scale. The study aims to develop a more comprehensive approach by focusing on the effect of this housing form on the traditional texture of the neighborhood. In this context, Nişancı Neighborhood and Beyaz Residence located in Eyüp are examined in the context of the relationship between actor and space. The methodology of study is qualitative research. Demographic structure and socio-economic status of participants and their perceptions, preferences, and evaluations for their houses and will be analyzed by semi-structured in-depth interviews. Through findings, the neighborhood culture and the relationships within neighborhood will be discussed, and the differences will be tried to be revealed as to how individuals experience the city and people in the city.
Imam al-Ghazali's understanding of human ontology and behavior
This study aims to scrutinize Imam Muhammad Al-Ghazali's (d. 1111) understanding of human ontology within a psycho-spiritual system as well as his explanation about the formation of human behavior. It also analyzes the spiritual formation of a human being with presenting certain spiritual constituents which are the reason-intellect ('aql), heart (qalb), spirit (ruh) and self (nafs). The heart, which is the subtle tenuous substance and the essence of the human beings according to Ghazali, is under the influence of both the interactions among these spiritual elements and the external factors like angels, demons and other human beings. Depending on the interactions and influences, this study investigates how and for what reason the psychological state of human beings changes based on the levels of the self (maratibu'l nafs). In light of this, it, then, presents the ideas of Ghazali about how behaviors of human beings are produced and about the motives behind the behaviors. For Ghazali, all the behaviors stem from the heart, so the state of the heart is the essential determinant in behaving in a certain way.
İbn Cinni'nin al-Haṣā'iṣ'inde dilin kaynağı meselesi
The issue of the origin of language was meticulously studied by both theologians and scholars of language in the 4th/10th centuries of Islamic civilization. Inasmuch that the issue was widely disputed in the theological discussions at the time. As a scholar of language, Ibn Jinnī tackles this issue in his book al-Ḫaṣā'iṣ, which has an important role in the disciplinization of the science of grammar in the Islamic scientific tradition. In modern literature, the issue of the origin of language has been studied in detail with regards to its importance for the field of theology; however, the wider implications of this issue in the field of philology have been largely glossed over. Similarly, there is a lack of an overall study of the philological implications of Ibn Jinnī's views of the origin of language in contemporary scholarship. The goal of this thesis is to fill this gap in the literature by presenting a comprehensive study of the topic. In other words, it aims at examining how his view of the origin of language serves as a theoretical basis for his general study of Arabic language and philology. To fulfil this aim, we looked for the answers to following questions: What is Ibn Jinni's view of the origin of language? How much is Ibn Jinnī's account of the issue representative the wider discourse of his time? Where is Ibn Jinnī positioned among the existing sides of the theological discussions. To address these questions, we conduct a close reading of the relevant a chapter in al-Ḫaṣā'iṣ, preceded by an account of the historical development of the Arabic grammatical tradition and of the wider discourse of the issue of the origin of language. Based on our textual analysis, we found that Ibn Jinnī's text does not aim at joining the wider discussions of the origin of language in the field of theology; rather, he is interested in establishing a theoretical framework for his study of the language. We may observe this in his discussions of the priority of nominals over verbs, of language change, and of sound symbolism in Arabic. By focusing on the complex issue of the origin of language which has a theoretical place in the discipline of grammar in the Arabic literary tradition, we hope our study of Ibn Jinnī's text may, as a case study, benefit investigations of Arabic linguistics and philology from the perspective of the scientific approach of Islamic civilization. On a different note, our analysis shows that Ibn Jinnī is interested in language and grammar in a universal sense not restrited to Arabic.
Social sustainability and tourism: Antalya case
Developments in technology, economics, and ideology have increased mobility since the 1950s. Their impact on the field of tourism is particularly significant. Most of the travels since then have been for touristic purposes. Due to this, the tourism industry has grown rapidly and become a reasonable area of investment, especially for developing countries. While tourism has economic benefits, it can also have negative environmental and social effects. Accordingly, the conditions of the economy, environment and society have become important areas when studying tourism. Prior studies indicate that tourism is not economically efficient in countries with political problems or when it is limited to sea-sand-sun activities. Additionally, existing research asserts that uncontrolled growth in the tourism industry can physically impact the environment and the condition of local areas. Since the 1980s, economic efficiency, environmental sensitivity and social concerns have become the focus of tourism studies. The concept of sustainability became an important tool for measuring the societal impact of developments in tourism. Tourism activities in Turkey began in the 1970s, but the industry really started to develop in the 1980s after "the Tourism Incentive Law" was published. Antalya, became the fastest growing city in terms of tourism. Today, one out of three tourists visiting Turkey are hosted in Antalya. Although the expansion of the industry was planned, tourism in Antalya grew faster then anticipated. Therefore, the use of space was impacted. Previous tourism studies on Antalya have focused on tourism's economic, environmental and social impacts. However, these studies are mostly industry-oriented. Comprehensive studies are also absent in the literature. Social sustainability is a useful tool to measure tourism's social impact without neglecting its economic and environmental dimensions. In this study, tourism developments in Antalya are measured in terms of social sustainability. Tourism developments, plannings, press releases, statistics, and existing literature are used as data for the study. The first chapter of the study is about the development of tourism in Antalya; the second chapter defines social sustainability; and the last chapter evaluates the case area, analyzing Antalya through the lens of social sustainability. The study's findings show that developments in the tourism industry are profit-oriented, while social sustainability is neglected within the sector.
İslam savaş hukukunun kökenleri: Kur'an ve sünnet'te savaş
Savaş ve barış devletlerarası tarihin vazgeçilmez tartışmalarından olmakla birlikte temelinde meşruiyet tartışmaları yatmaktadır. Savaşın meşruiyetini ifade eden haklı savaş kavramı her ne kadar batı merkezli bir kavram olsa da çok eski zamanlardan itibaren kaynaklarda savaşın meşruiyeti hakkında farklı yaklaşımlar bulunmaktadır. Bu yaklaşımlardaki farklılaşmanın özünde ise epistemolojik, kavramsal ve kuramsal farklılıklar yatmaktadır. Tüm din, devlet ve medeniyetlerin savaş anlayışları ve savaş hukukları olduğu gibi İslam'ın da kendine özgü bir savaş kuramı ve buna bağlı bir savaş hukuku bulunmaktadır. İslam savaş hukuku, Kur'an ve Sünnet temelinde şekillenmiştir. Bu tezde İslam savaş hukukunu teori ve pratik olmak üzere savaş kuramı ve savaş hukuku şeklinde iki başlık altında sınıflandırdım. Savaş kuramı Kur'an ve Sünnet çerçevesinde olup bunun üzerine inşa edilmiş fıkıh ve kelamı da kapsamaktadır. İslam'da savaşın düşünsel ve inançsal arka planına dair kaynaklar incelenmiştir. Savaş hukuku da Kur'an ve Sünnet'te savaşın uygulamasının nasıl olduğunu kapsamakta olup; savaşa başvurma hukuku, savaş içi hukuk ve savaş sonrası hukuk olmak üzere üç ana başlık altında kaynakları çerçevesinde analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmada Kur'an ve detaylı izahı için Nesefî Tefsiri ve Ebussuûd Efendi Tefsiri, Hadis kaynağı olarak Sahîh-i Buhârî ve Sahîh-i Müslim, Fıkıh kaynağı olarak Şerhu's-Siyeri'l-Kebir gibi ilmi değere sahip eserlere başvurulmuş olup Kur'an ve Sünnet'te savaşın kuramsal ve pratik genel bir çerçevesi çizilmesi hedeflenmiştir.
A comparative approach to the neurobiological basis of human will: Kant and al-Ghazali
This study aims to present both the neuroscientific findings on Human Will and its philosophical perspectives from the Civilisations of the West and Islam. It aims to cor-relate the philosophies of the concept Human Will with the Neuroscientific evidences deduced from human brain experiments. The central thesis of this research claims that the Neuroscientific perspectives on the issue of Human Will are compatible with the Human Will concepts of Kant and Al-Ghazali. This compatibility is argued for in order to frame a more informed conversation between Neuroscientists and Philosophers. This argument is contrary to the belief that the findings of Neuroscientific studies are in opposition to the transcendental connotations that are embedded in the works of Kant and Al-Ghazali.
"Winter Has Got No King": An ecocritical analysis of George R. R. Martin's a Song of Ice and Fire
Over the last decades, an exponential increase in environmental issues and the climate change pertaining to it have generated discussion not only about how to tackle the problems but also about delving into the root cause of the matter. Having emerged as a result of these discussions, environmental criticism (ecocriticism) intends to create change in society's environmental perspective through utilizing ecological symbols in literary narratives and nature writing. With a view to attaining this goal, methods that would help understand the society and transform it have been devised. Ibn Khaldun's civilization methodology, which leans on pillars of geography, spirituality and asabiyah (group feeling), provide the necessary sociological data to analyze and juxtapose the environmental perspectives of different societies. In this dissertation, Ibn Khaldun's civilization methodology is applied to George R.R. Martin's world-famous fantasy fiction novel A Song of Ice and Fire whilst ecocritically close reading similarities and differences of environmental perspectives in civilizations via a fictional realm. In this way, this thesis will endeavor to answer questions such as whether pillars of civilization such as geography, religion and group feeling influence social structure and if such is the case, in what way. Keywords: environmental criticism; ecocriticism; civilization; Ibn Khaldun; A Song of Ice and Fire; George R.R. Martin
Teoriden gündelik mekâna zimmet mefhumu
Social sciences have been preoccupied with the study of the "self" and "agency." Since the Enlightenment, theories continue to explain the self and agency based on the absoluteness of human reason, power, and knowledge through the scientific and empirical methods and/or based on moral standards defined by humans. However, with the criticism of the Enlightenment, these secular perspectives have fallen short of explaining the human self. This study offers the notion of dhimma which presents an illuminating perspective in understanding the human self. Dhimma has the meanings of covenant, assurance, security, safety, sanctity, and right and responsibility. In addition to these meanings, dhimma is also defined as the self and an attribute of the self. This study explores these meanings of dhimma throughout the Qur'an, hadith and Islamic Jurisprudence and brings them together. According to this thesis, dhimma indicates the self of human being, with regard to the privilege of tasarruf (power and authority to act on and make use of the creatures) on earth, and to the responsibility shouldered upon man as a result of this privilege. In other words, man becomes competent / eligible to have a right over the creation and bear its responsibility by virtue of his dhimma. This aspect of the self contributes to explaining the position of the human in the world and his moral responsibility towards the creation.
İslam medeniyetinde bir sembol olarak cami: Günümüzdeki camiler etrafında dini, siyasi ve estetik tartışmalar
İslam medeniyetinde bir sembol olarak cami: Günümüzdeki camiler etrafında dini, siyasi ve estetik tartışmalar isimli bu çalışma; İslam mimari ve toplumsal tarihi açısından taşıdığı önemin yanında küreselleşen dünya ve değişen algılarla bugün tartışmalı bir şekilde ulusal ve uluslararası düzeyde ele alınan camileri incelemektedir. İslam medeniyetinin bir sembolü olarak caminin anlamı nasıl bir değişim göstermiştir? Bu bağlamda günümüzdeki camiler etrafında dini, siyasi ve estetik tartışmalar nelerdir? Sorusu irdelenmektir. İslam medeniyetinde merkezi bir öneme sahip olan cami, hem estetik hem de sosyal önemi açısından klasik ve güncel örnekler ile incelenmekte, medeniyetin değişim ve dönüşüm süreci bu güçlü sembol üzerinden okunmaya çalışılmaktadır. Yakın tarihte İstanbul'da inşa edilmiş; Şakirin Camii, Ataşehir Mimar Sinan Camii, Çamlıca Camii bu çalışmanı ana örneklerini oluştururken toplumsal tartışmalara konu olmuş farklı örnekler olan Köln Merkez Camii ve Roxbury Camii ve Kocatepe Camii de incelenen camiler arasında yer almıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: İslam Medeniyeti; Sembol; Cami; Estetik; Mimari
İslamiyeti kabul etmeden önceki Uygurların sosyokültürel hayatı
Tezimizde, İslamiyet'i kabul etmeden önce Gök Tanrı dinini ardından Maniheizm ve Budizm'i benimseyen Uygurların Göktürk Devleti'ni yıkarak kurdukları Orhun Uygur Devleti sonradan Koçu, Kansu devletleri ve yaşadıkları coğrafyadaki sosyokültürel hayatı incelenmiştir. Uygurlara ait edebiyat, sanat, din ve kültür eserleri XX. yüzyılın başından itibaren kazı çalışmalarıyla ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Uygurlar bu eserlerini şehirciliğe verdikleri önem ve yazıyı kullanmak gibi medenî hayatın olmazsa olmazlarını, kültürel uğraşlar ile tamamlamıştır. Çalışmamızda yine çeşitli yazı sistemlerini kullanarak, tarihi süreçlerinde farklı dinleri benimseyerek arkalarında kültürel öneme sahip birçok yazılı eser bırakmış olan Uygurların siyasi tarihi de sırasıyla ele alınmıştır. Uygurlar yaşadıkları coğrafyada Murtuk, Bezeklik, Turfan, Sengim, Karabalgasun ve Kızıl gibi pek çok şehri sanat merkezi haline getirmiştir. Uygurların yaşadıkları çeşitli bölgelerde yapılan kazılarda Uygur kültürüne ait pek çok heykel, duvar resmi, mimari yapı ve belgeler gün ışığına çıkartılmıştır. Çalışmamızda, dönemin siyasi ve tarihî kaynaklarının yanında Uygurca yazılmış çok sayıda metin de ana kaynak olarak kullanılmıştır. Tezimizde, öncelikle üç ayrı bölüm halinde yer alan Orhun Uygur Devleti, bu devlet yıkıldıktan sonra kurdukları Koçu, Kansu devletleri ve Uygurların sosyokültürel hayatı açıklanmıştır. Açıklamaların ardından bu süreçlerdeki siyasi tarihin analizi, din, edebiyat, sanat ve kültür alanlarındaki katkıları ve etkileri ortaya konularak Uygurların eski inançlarıyla yaşam kültürü, bütünlük içinde verilmeye çalışılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: İslam Öncesi Dönem; Sosyokültürel Yapı; Uygurlar
Devrim ve hegemonya: Tunus'ta sivil toplum ve devlet (2010-2019)
The popular uprisings in late 2010 in Tunisia resulted in political and social changes across the country as well as in the region. While the uprisings in other countries ended up with chaos, civil war and military coup, in Tunisia, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali's 23 years-long authoritarian rule was removed and through democratic elections the new constitution was adopted by the assembly. In this process, Tunisia was considered as the only successful country in terms of democratic transition in the democratization literature. It is argued that the Tunisian success was because of the existence of a robust civil society. By contending this claim, this thesis explains the post-revolutionary period in Tunisia in the light of Gramsci's civil society theory. Civil society, in Gramscian sense, is considered as sum of ideological, intellectual and cultural apparatuses producing consent for the hegemony of the ruling class of the state. In this context, the thesis argues that in post-Ben Ali period the idea of tunisianite which signifies the Tunisian national identity and the Bourguibist modernity acted as the apparatuses preventing the revolutionary break with the past and maintaining hegemony of the ruling class which ruled the country since its independence. Keywords: Civil Society; Gramsci; Hegemony; Revolution; Tunisia