Imam Eş'arî and Imam Mâturîdî's judgment and destiny

The issue of fate and destiny, and relatedly, the acts of human beings, is one of the oldest debates in both philosophy and the tradition of Islamic theology (kalām). This issue has been discussed since the early days of Islam, whether in monotheistic religions or other faiths. Various sect leaders have expressed their views on the matter. Due to the broad range of meanings that the concepts of fate and destiny encompass, the meanings attributed to these concepts by Imam Ash'ari and Imam Maturidi differ from each other. Therefore, what Imam Ash'ari calls fate, Imam Maturidi refers to as destiny, and vice versa. Imam Maturidi defines destiny as the eternal decree of Allah, who knows and determines everything with His eternal knowledge. Fate, on the other hand, is defined as the manifestation of what Allah has eternally decreed, coming into existence according to His eternal knowledge when the time comes. According to Imam Ash'ari, fate means judgment, creation, and informing. Thus, fate is the eternal decree of Allah. The fulfillment of the eternal decree that applies to all beings according to Allah's will is called destiny. According to Imam Ash'ari, destiny is the specific decree related to everything. It is the emergence of beings from non-existence to the realm of existence. Imam Maturidi links destiny to Allah's attribute of knowledge and fate to Allah's attribute of creation. Imam Ash'ari, on the other hand, links destiny to Allah's attribute of will and fate to the attribute of power.