Analysis of orientation of bedroom masses in accommodation buildings in Istanbul

At the bedroom masses of the accommodation facilities; tending develops in such a way to incline towards a direction with view. However, a tending decision made wisely also reduces energy expenditures significantly. How has this dilemma been resolved among hotel bedroom masses in Istanbul? It is aimed to increase room prices through tending towards view among the bedroom masses of the accommodation facilities, to reduce heating and cooling loads through the use of solar, wind and shading elements and the preferences at tending decisions, to save on non-renewable energy sources, to provide profitability of the facility and to achieve economic and environmental sustainability in the tourism sector. Method; 1. Literature search was conducted. 2. Accommodation facility stock in Turkey and Istanbul has been determined. 3. The distribution of accommodation facilities in Istanbul according to the towns has been examined pursuant to the maps received from Basarsoft Bilgi Teknolojileri A.S. 4. The hotel selection criteria are examined. 5. Qualified tourism areas in Istanbul taken from the Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Culture and Tourism have been added to the study. 6. Hotel classification systems determined by the Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Culture and Tourism have been added to the study. 7. Culture triangle has been added to the study [1]. 8. 20 sample hotels were chosen according to their location in İstanbul, their types, their orientations and the relations they established with the view. 9. The facilities' direction criteria were determined as a result of the literature surveys. 10. "Price according to the view" policies of the hotels in Istanbul were determined. 11. The indicators of using renewable energy that reduce the heating-cooling load among the bedroom masses of the accommodation facilities have been determined through the literature. 12. Tending analysis results of the bedroom masses of the accommodation facilities in Istanbul have been evaluated and tabulated in terms of renewable energy usage indicators. First part: The purpose and method of the study on the Analysis of the Tending Decisions of the Bedroom Masses of the Accommodation Facilities in Istanbul have been determined and a literature study was conducted. The second part: Istanbul is an important tourism destination with its world heritage buildings and its geographical location. Istanbul is Turkey's second destination in terms of tourist arrivals after Antalya, which is the mass tourism destination of the Mediterranean with its sea, sand and sunny weather. 9,203,987 tourists visited Istanbul in 2016 and the number of foreign tourists arriving in Istanbul in the first half of 2017 is 4,385,153. The total bed capacity in Istanbul in 2016 is 103,742 for facilities with tourism operation certificate and 43,464 for facilities with municipality certificate. Therefore, accommodation facilities constitute an important building stock in Istanbul. The increase in the number of tourists coming to Turkey and Istanbul also manifests itself in the number of accommodation facilities. The increase in accommodation facilities also brings with it an increase in energy use in the tourism sector. 20 sample hotels were selected for the analysis of the tending decisions of the bedroom masses of the accommodation facilities in Istanbul. The choice of 20 sample hotels in Istanbul was made according to the locations of the hotels in Istanbul (5-, 4-, 3-star and boutique hotels), their orientations (S, N, E, W, SE, SW, NW, NE) and the relationships they established with the view. The maps produced by Basarsoft Bilgi Teknolojileri A.S. (company proposed by Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Directorate of Mapping) were used for the determination of the locations of accommodation facilities in Istanbul. According to the borders of the towns, hotel intensities are examined and the selection was made from the districts where the hotel intensities are higher. In Istanbul, cultural centers, cinemas, congress centers, performance arts, visual arts, accommodation facilities, libraries and museums are intensified in the cultural triangle [1]. Four hotels were selected from the area where the cultural triangle was located. Tourism centers are places which are determined by the Ministry's proposal and ministerial council decision and which are important in terms of tourism movements and activities. Seven hotels were selected from the locations where 'Tourism Centers' determined by TR Ministry of Culture and Tourism are located. When examined the number of accommodation facilities in Istanbul according to their types, it is seen that the majority (64% of all accommodation facilities) is composed of 5-, 4- and 3-star hotels. 17 of the 20 sample hotels were selected from 5-, 4- and 3-star hotels. When the bedroom masses of the selected 20 samples hotels are examined, it is seen that they are the rooms having all direction situations (S, N, E, W, SE, SW, NW, NE) There are 4 view values that are important for Istanbul. These are the sea view, the historical area view, the green field view and the city view. 20 sample hotels were selected from the hotels with these views. Chapter 3: Preferences in the tending of the hotel bedroom masses support reducing heating and cooling loads through the use of solar, wind and shading elements, increasing the room prices through tending towards view, saving on non-renewable energy sources, profitability of the facility and economic and environmental sustainability in the tourism sector. In the study, evaluation criteria were set out under six headings selected using the literature. These are; 1. In Istanbul, in the temperate-humid climate - the direction ranges so as to reduce the heating-cooling loads in terms of solar energy are determined as follows; • From south 10º southeast: Optimum direction • 13º southwest and 35º southeast: Good direction • 23º southwest and 49º southeast: Valid direction range • The remainder is defined as the invalid direction range. 2. Facades that do not receive prevailing winds during winter months (for periods when heat losses are to be prevented), facades that receive prevailing winds during hot periods (benefiting from the cooling effect of the prevailing wind) will affect heating-cooling loads. According to the prevailing wind, heat loss and gains in the direction of the facilities have been evaluated as very good, good, normal, bad according to the summer and winter conditions. The wind maps (purchased from the General Directorate of Renewable Energy) purchased for the 20 selected hotels are used to detect the wind speeds coming to the bedrooms facades of the hotels, to compare them with each other and to achieve information on how many days a year according to the seasons, at what km/s speed, and from which direction it blows. 3. Bedroom - landscape relation is evaluated as sea, green, historical place, city view and no view. 4. The proximity to the activity areas of the bedroom masses (public transportation, shopping, pharmacy, hospital, bank, religious structure) is limited to walking distance. 5. Shading elements were assessed in terms of "presence and absence" of trees, vertical-horizontal, building shade and balcony according to the sun direction. 6. It was evaluated in terms of compliance with the principles in the regulations to reduce heating-cooling load. Fourth section: The study which will analyze the tending decisions of the bedroom masses of the accommodation facilities in Istanbul is explained with the following aim and conclusion statements: In the direction of accommodation facilities in Istanbul; the study wondering how much of the decisions of: • reduction of heating-cooling loads and • tending to the view are realized, expressed the following graphic method; • reduction of heating-cooling loads through tending (sun and wind) • tending to the view • proximity to the activity areas • the presence and direction of shading elements • analyses showing that how much the decisions of complying with the principles in the regulations reducing heating-cooling loads are implemented. In the study, the data which form the tending decisions of the hotel bedroom masses are collected under three headings. These are classified under the following headings: Climatic data: coherent direction to the climatic data to reduce heating-cooling load; solar, wind evaluation. Environmental data: tending to the view, proximity to the activity areas, location of the shading elements. Regulations: compliance with the guidelines existing in the regulations for reducing the heating-cooling load. The climatic and environmental values of the 20 hotels selected were determined by the field study and charted. It has been assessed whether it complies with the principles in the regulations necessary to reduce the heating-cooling load. The 20 sample hotels selected were evaluated according to the data which affect the tending of the bedroom masses of the accommodation facilities (reduction of heating-cooling loads by way of tending, environmental factors and compliance with the principles of heating-cooling load reduction in regulations). An evaluation leaflet was prepared for each of the 20 sample hotels. Fifth chapter: As a result of the tending analysis of the bedroom masses of 20 hotels in Istanbul; graphs are created, which show: the reduction status of the heating-cooling loads through tending, the prevailing wind relationship in summer and winter, the proximity of hotel bedroom masses to the activity areas, the condition of shading elements, view values, and how much of the decision for the compliance with the principles in the regulations reducing heating-cooling load have been achieved. The data showing that how much the energy saving and view are influential in determining the tending decisions is achieved. Although 17 hotels from 20 sample hotels have views of the sea and historic area that are precious to Istanbul (sea and historical area view increases the room prices by 10%), when examined the statistics on the reduction of the heating-cooling load, it is seen that the rooms with the optimum direction, which is the best direction in terms of decreasing the heating-cooling load, are 2% on the average. 2% indicates that the bedroom masses of the accommodation facilities in Istanbul have no concern about reducing the heating-cooling load through direction. While directing the rooms to the view and paying regard to making more profit from the rooms, there is no concern about providing contribution to the sustainable tourism and providing energy saving by reducing the heating-cooling load by way of tending.