Commagene in the first millennium

The Commagene region had been continuously very important for the kingdoms of the region due to the strategic position of the Euphrates river crossings since the 3rd millenium BC. This study aims to solve the problems arising from the location of Kummuh (= Kumaha) kingdom, which had been founded after the collapse of Hittite Empire, in between the powerful Assyrian and Urartian kingdoms. The study also investigates the historical period of Kummuh until the Persians. The most challenging problem is not having sufficient written documents in between the end of Babillionian dominance and end of Persian era. The weak position of Kummuh among the kingdoms of the time, which was observed starting from the foundation, had continiued during dominance of Hellenistic and Roman rules. Intensive influence of Persians during Hellenistic era and results of this influence on the entire region in Late Iron Age will only be revealed after archaeological and historical studies in the future. Key Words: Kummuh, Kumaha, Commagene, Late Hittite, Persians, Archeology