Immunomolecular Determination and Role of Immunobiomarkers (inflammatory chemokines CCL2, CCL5 VE CXCL10 in the Immunopathogenesis of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is a type of cancer that arises from the uncontrolled growth and proliferation of cells in breast tissue. It is the most common malignancy among women worldwide and one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Cytokines play a significant role in inflammatory responses associated with breast cancer. Based on information about the dynamic mechanisms of various chemokines and chemokine receptors contributing to breast cancer and their roles in diagnosis and treatment, it has been determined that chemokines such as CCL2, CCL5, and CXCL10 are secreted under abnormal conditions and pathological pathways in breast cancer patients. This study aimed to determine the demographic and clinical characteristics of female breast cancer patients, the concentrations of chemokines in their blood, and the sequence analysis of chemokine genes amplified by PCR compared with NCBI sequences at Kirkuk Oncology and Hematology Hospital in Kirkuk, Iraq, between December 2022 and May 2023. The study material included 100 breast cancer patients and a control group of 100 healthy individuals without any health problems. Clinical and demographic features of both patients and controls were recorded through informed consent forms. Statistical analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel and JMP Pro software. Blood chemokine concentrations were measured using the ELISA technique. DNA was isolated from blood, chemokine genes were amplified using specific primers, and sequence analysis was vi conducted. Among the patients, 33% were aged 50–59, and 93% were married. Surgical intervention (mastectomy) was applied to 78% of patients, and 95% received chemotherapy. Metastasis was detected in 36% of patients. Stage IV patients accounted for the highest proportion at 30%. The levels of CCL2, CCL5, and CXCL10 varied across age groups, with the highest concentrations observed in the 50–59 age group for all three chemokines. The sizes of the amplified genes were determined as follows: CCL2, 490 bp; CCL5, 481 bp; and CXCL10, 310 bp. Sequences of chemokine genes from the Iraqi population were compared with sequences in the GeneBank (NCBI) database. The CCL2 and CXCL10 gene sequences showed 100% similarity with other populations, while the CCL5 gene showed 99% similarity. The study found that the high concentrations of these chemokines in the blood, especially in advanced-stage (Stage IV) patients, indicate that CCL2, CCL5, and CXCL10 could be significant markers for breast cancer. These findings suggest that most women with breast cancer in the Kirkuk region are diagnosed at late stages and that clinical interventions are generally applied at advanced stages. In the future, community awareness programs for early diagnosis should be increased. Chemokine-based biomarkers are expected to contribute to diagnostic and therapeutic processes. Large-scale molecular studies in the future will more clearly reveal the therapeutic target potential of these chemokines.