Fundamentals of Muhammad Abid Al-Jabiri's theory of justice

This thesis examines al-Jabiri's understanding of justice within a theoretical framework and proposes a reconstruction of the concept of justice in Islamic thought beyond its traditional grounding in moderation. It aims to respond to the political, social, and intellectual crises of the Arab-Islamic world through a comprehensive theory of justice situated within a broader project of reconstruction. Adopting Galen's notion of "correct synthesis" as a foundational principle, al-Jabiri develops a dialectical conception of justice that seeks to reconcile oppositions. Within this framework, Plato's conception of social values and Aristotle's principle of moderation are reinterpreted in critical engagement with modern philosophical and scientific thought. The thesis demonstrates that al-Jabiri grounds justice as a holistic principle that establishes political and social order, developing it through the concepts of political reason and the subconscious. His theory is evaluated in relation to modern demands for freedom, responsibility, and citizenship. Justice is first defined as a harmonious composition within the social structure, and second as a state of balance based on the equilibrium of rights and duties in interpersonal relations. In this respect, justice is considered a fundamental condition of democratic political order and social legitimacy. Its inspiration from the Qur'an and the practices of the Prophet Muhammad highlights the normative dimension of the theory. The thesis further defines economic justice as a critique of rent-based economic structures and a defense of social relations grounded in labor and production, positioning economic factors as foundational to social transformation. Ultimately, it proposes rethinking justice as an organic and transformative principle based on "correct synthesis," transcending a merely moral conception of moderation.