Archaeoseismology of the ancient city of phoenix (Taşlica, Muğla)

This thesis aims to investigate the traces of past earthquakes and the hydrogeological features of the Phoenix Ancient City, located in the Taşlıca and Söğüt villages of Marmaris, Muğla, using archaeoseismology and geological methods. Due to Turkey's location on the Alpine-Himalayan earthquake belt, it is frequently affected by destructive earthquakes and surface-breaking active faults. Therefore, identifying the traces of past earthquakes in ancient settlements is crucial for assessing seismic risks. As part of this study, fieldwork conducted around the Phoenix Ancient City yielded comprehensive data on the geological structure of the region. The research characterizes and assesses the seismic potential of active fault lines in the area. It also highlights the significant impact of the region's karstic structure on groundwater flow, which influences the hydrogeological systems. Archaeoseismological findings suggest that the Phoenix Ancient City did not suffer major structural damage from a significant earthquake. Instead, some observed deformations are likely the result of natural erosion, climatic processes, and material fatigue over time. One of the most critical issues faced by the region throughout history has been water scarcity. This study examines ancient water management strategies, detailing the utilization of cisterns and other water storage systems. The ongoing issue of water scarcity today requires sustainable water management and modern technologies to resolve. In conclusion, this study provides detailed data on the geological and hydrogeological structure of the Phoenix Ancient City, offering significant insights into the region's seismic and hydrogeological risks. These findings lay the foundation for measures to mitigate future seismic hazards and develop effective water management strategies for the area.