Reflection of triumph in architecture in the roman period: Triumphal columns

Roman civilization emerged in the geography of Italy, which has witnessed many settlements and cultures from the Paleolithic Period to the present day. Rome's tradition of triumph from the Kingdom Period onwards was deeply embedded in the political and religious life of Rome during the Republican Period, shaping the lives and careers of both leaders and citizens, as well as the higher authorities. The triumphal monuments formed the triumphal route in the city center, providing an architecturally defined route and new forms for the triumphs, exerting a powerful influence on the populace, and bringing the victories to life in memory. The triumphal columns, which are the architectural reflection of the tradition of triumph, which played an important role in political competition in the Republican Era, increased during this period and were characterized by the relations they established with other cultures and the traditions of their own. The columns, consisting of a pedestal, column body, capitals and statues, were positioned in forums and squares where they were in contact with the public. In the Imperial Period, as triumph became the privilege of the emperor, columns were positioned in the forums and squares of the emperors. In addition, during this period, the Romans developed their architectural and sculptural skills and developed new designs and forms. The Roman monumental columns begin with the Maenia Column in 338 BC and end with the Phocas Column in 608 AD, and the number of known columns in this period is not very high, each stage has undergone a new design, and they are not evenly spread over any period and city.