Multi scale evaluation of healthy city approach: A comparative analysis of the Eskişehir and Ulaanbaatar

The starting point of urban planning lies in universal human activities: walking, sitting, standing, observing, listening, and talking. Without considering the micro scale—spaces of everyday life—it is not possible to achieve truly healthy urban planning. This study systematically examines three different scales—city (macro), neighborhood (middle), and street (micro)—within the framework of the "Healthy City" approach developed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Accordingly, the research aims to evaluate the concepts of the "Healthy City," the "15-Minute City," and the "Healthy Street" in an integrated, multi-scalar context. The study comparatively investigates implementations in Turkey and Mongolia; while analyzing the Healthy City and Healthy Neighborhood concepts within a theoretical framework, it explores the Healthy Street concept through spatial and physical analysis. Within this scope, Eskişehir's Tepebaşı district in Turkey and Ulaanbaatar's Songino-Khairkhan district in Mongolia were selected as case areas, and a comparative field study was conducted on one representative street from each: Eti Street and Zaluus Street, respectively. The research is based on a qualitative methodology, including literature review, observation, interviews, and secondary data analysis. Evaluations were made based on the WHO's "Healthy Cities 11 indicators," the "Four Principles of the 15-Minute City," and Lucy Saunders' "Healthy Streets 10 indicators." As a result, the study provides an original contribution to the literature by comparatively addressing the examples of Turkey and Mongolia—where research on this topic remains limited in the Mongolian context— and by comprehensively examining the Healthy City approach from the macro to the micro scale.