Study the role of beta-trace protein and cystatin-c as a biomarkers with some biochemical variables in the early detection of type 2 diabetic nephropathy

Diabetes mellitus type 2 is considered the main source of diabetic nephropathy, as the proportion of patients who developed diabetic nephropathy is approximately 45% as a result of type 2 diabetes. It is also considered a cause of kidney patients at the end of the stage. Microalbumin and macroalbumin are of limited diagnostic benefit for nephropathy. Diabetes is in the first early stages because there is kidney damage that occurs before the excretion of proteinuria, so it was assumed to find more sensitive, accurate, and more specific biomarkers in the early detection of diabetic nephropathy. Beta trace protein, also known as lipocalin type prostaglandin D2 synthase (L-PGDS), is a glycoproteine containing 168 amino acids with a low molecular weight equals from 23 to 29 kDa. It is considered a good vital indicator, as its high concentration in the serum indicates a decrease in clearance, which is evidence of a weakness in renal filtration and is not affected by factors, for example. Body muscle mass and diet. Cystatin C is a low molecular weight 13 kDa protein produced by all cells with intentions at a constant rate. It is not affected by diet and body mass, and this is what distinguishes it from creatinine, as it is affected by these factors. In our study, many chemical variables and diagnostic biomarkers were measured, including beta trace protein and cystatin C, where the work was done in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA device and by the Sandwich method. The results were a clear increase in the level of each of the biomarkers in groups of diabetic patients (normalbumin, microalbumin, and macroalbumin), where beta trace protein sensitivity was high in all study groups. The study concluded that the beta trace protein biomarker can be adopted as a diagnostic variable for early detection of diabetic nephropathy.