Synthetic dye pollution in aquatic environment and comparison of treatment methods

Synthetic dyes constitute one of the main pollutant classes that are known to be dangerous for human, plant and aquatic life, released into the environment by industries such as textile, paper, leather, rubber, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, etc Synthetic dyes can cause various problems such as increasing the biological and chemical oxygen demand (BOD and COD) in water bodies, affecting the photosynthesis mechanism in the aquatic environment and inhibiting the development of aquatic plants. In addition, by participating in the food chain through the aquatic ecosystem, it bioaccumulates in various living tissues and, accordingly, can promote toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. Due to the low biodegradability of synthetic dyes, synthetic dye molecules remain in aquatic environments for a longer time and, accordingly, cause an undesirable situation in terms of the aesthetic quality of water bodies. Therefore, in order to prevent negative effects on the environment, human health and natural water resources wastewater containing dyes should be treated effectively using environmentally friendly technologies. Considering the limitations of physicochemical conventional methods such as adsorption, ion exchange, coagulation-flocculation, membrane technologies and oxidation used for the removal of dyes from aquatic ecosystems, environmentally friendly biological methods come to the fore. In addition, the methods and costs used in the treatment of wastewater containing synthetic dyes in our country were examined. As a result, it has been concluded that physicochemical hybrid processes are very effective in the treatment of wastewater containing synthetic dyes, and on the other hand, bioremediation processes are a promising green generation alternative treatment process against these methods.