The internal parameters which leading to political instability in Sudan (1956_2019)

Sudan is located in northeastern Africa and its area is 1,865,813 km. Thus, Sudan is the third largest Arab and African country, but it was the largest Arab and African country also until 2011, i.e. the division of South Sudan. Sudan is also considered one of the oldest countries in the world, as it dates back to 5000 years BC. However, the civilization that constitutes the true history of Sudan is the Kush civilization, which lasted from 2500 BC to 350 AD. The inhabitants of that region were called Nuba and spoke the Cushitic or Nubian language. Because of Sudan's distinguished geographical location and its large area size, Sudan occupies a large part of the Nile River within its lands, estimated at about 80% of the total Nile River area. Also Sudan has a common history and double culture with neighboring countries, in particular Egypt, which shares with Sudan a very large historical and cultural heritage and because of these privileges, Sudan has had a large share of Turkish interest since the era of the Ottoman Empire until now, and Sudan's history begins with the Turkish era since 1821 AD, when Muhammad Ali, representative of the Ottoman Empire, entered Egypt and then Sudan. The Turkish interest in Sudan was evident in the constant interest of the Turkish governments on the Suakin island in eastern Sudan on the Red Sea coast, as well as the Turkish interest in Sudan in various Turkish institutions such as TIKA and the Turkish schools and investments of Turkish businessmen. However, this interest in political and economic terms was not complete, as it faced many problems that prevented Sudan's development and economic growth like other countries where the American economic embargo, the civil war, the Darfur crisis, and the secession of South Sudan, so all of this has led to the obstruction of the Turkish economic and political strategy in Sudan for a long period of time, to be the first diplomatic representation of Sudan in Turkey in 1981. The same year also witnessed the first visit of a Sudanese president to Turkey, Jaafar Nimeiri, and relations developed and flourished at the beginning of the twentieth century, especially after the signing of Peace Agreement in 2005 in Sudan and after the coming of the Justice and Development Party to power in Turkey in 2002 and in particular during the era of the former Prime Minister and the current President of the Republic, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, where Turkey and Sudan relations witnessed during his era a great progress in political relations and identical views of Turkey and Sudan in most of the political, bilateral, regional and international issues.