Tawba in Sufism (The example of Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya)

Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (d. 751/1350) was a prolific scholar who contributed to every field of Islamic sciences and holds an important place in Islamic history. Both through his scholarly knowledge and his moral character, he has been one of the figures that illuminated the path for others. Although there is an opinion that he distanced himself from Sufism, Ibn Qayyim was influenced by the thoughts of great Sufis such as al-Ghazali and wrote significant works in the field of Sufism. In this study, one of his most notable works in the field of Sufism, Madārij al-Sālikīn, is analyzed as the primary source. This work stands out due to its profound analyses and original interpretations of Sufi concepts. In particular, the topic of tawba (attrition) is examined in detail, with a strong emphasis on its crucial role in the spiritual journey. Tawba holds significant importance in Sufi terminology. It is regarded as the first step in the spiritual journey toward Allah. In Sufism, tawba is understood not only as purification from sins but also as the sanctification of the heart and soul, leading to an inner transformation. In this regard, tawba is considered the fundamental condition for entering the Sufi path and is viewed as a means that leads one to Allah. Sufi scholars have accepted tawba as the beginning of everything and the commencement of the spiritual journey, thus emphasizing the essence of tawba in their works. Ibn Qayyim's original interpretations demonstrate that tawba is not only an individual purification process but also a bridge through which the servant renews their loyalty to their Lord and draws closer to divine mercy. In this sense tawba is both a critical stage in an individual's spiritual elevation and a fundamental concept in Islamic thought.