Evaluation of shoulder complex in individuals with type II diabetes

Objectives: To evaluate shoulder joint range of motion, muscle strength, proprioception, skapular dyskinesia and upper extremity functionality in individuals diagnosed with type II diabetes. Material and Methods: The study included 32 individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 38 healthy population individuals aged 50-65. Shoulder joint range of motion was assessed using a digital goniometer at baseline. Muscle strength was measured using a digital dynamometer. Proprioception was evaluated using a laser pointer. Upper extremity functionality was assessed with the upper extremity closed kinetic stability test and the upper extremity functional index. Skapular dyskinesis was evaluated using the lateral skapular slide test and observational skapular dyskinesis test. Result: Individuals diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes mellitus demonstrated statistically significant lower shoulder joint range of motion in flexion, abduction, and right external rotation compared to healthy populations individuals (p<0.05). Internal muscle strength was also significantly lower in individuals with Type 2 diabetes compared to healthy controls (p<0.05). Moreover, individuals with Type 2 diabetes exhibited statistically significant higher deviations in left arm flexion and abduction at 90° and 125° compared to healthy population individuals (p<0.05). The upper extremity closed kinetic stability test score and functional index score were significantly lower in individuals with Type 2 diabetes compared to healthy population individuals (p<0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference in the presence of skapular dyskinesis between the two groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: Type 2 diabetes mellitus negatively impacts upper extremity functionality through its effects on joint range of motion, muscle strength, and proprioception. Considering the potential for shoulder problems to progress without early symptoms, we advocate for the inclusion of preventive rehabilitation programs focusing on strength training, joint range of motion exercises, proprioception training, and functional exercises. These interventions are crucial to mitigate the adverse effects of diabetes on upper extremity function.