Türkiye'de romatizma tedavisinde kullanilan bazi halk i̇laçlarinin enflamasyon parametreleri üzerindeki in vitro etkileri

The leaves of Sambucus ebulus L, S. nigra L. (Caprifoliaceae) and Cistus laurifolius L. (Cistaceae) were used against inflammatory problems in Turkish folk medicine. Previous investigations have proven their in vivo potent anti-inflammatory activity. The aim of the present study was to investigate their effects on various inflammatory parameters by using in vitro methods to provide evidences on their activity mechanisms and to isolate the active ingredients through activity-guided procedures. Active components were isolated from extracts by using an in vitro bioassay model based on the inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B [NF-κB] in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Raw 264.7 macrophages and their chemical structures were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques. Flavonoids; Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside and two new iridoids; Sambulin A, Sambulin B were identified from S. ebulus , a sterol mixture (SNH-1) and remaining water subextract (CL-R-H2O) were determined to be active components of S. nigra and C. laurifolius, respectively. These active molecules or fractions were further investigated for their effects on several inflammatory mediators [i.e. TNFα, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2 ,IL-6, PGE2 (ELISA)], nitric oxide (Griess Assay). Effects on the protein levels (iNOS/COX-2) or phosphorylations [Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPK) and inhibitor of kappa-B protein (IκBα)] were studied by Western Blot. As conclusion, among the isolated flavonoids; isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and isorhamnetin-3-O-β-rutinoside inhibited NO, iNOS, TNFα, isorhamnetin-3-O-β-rutinoside inhibited PGE2/COX-2. Both flavonoids inhibited p38/IκBα phosphorylations. Iridoid type constituents suppressed iNOS/COX-2, NO/PGE2 and TNFα as well as JNK/IκBα phosphorylations. The active fractions, SNH-1 and CL-R-H2O, decreased the levels of NO/PGE2 and inhibited JNK/IκBα phosphorylations.