Systematics of Cichorium L. (Asteraceae) species distributed in türki̇ye

The genus Cichorium L. (Asteraceae) is distributed worldwide with seven species. Of these, C. intybus L., C. spinosum L., C. pumilum Jacq., C. glandulosum Boiss. & A.Huet species naturally grow in our country. On the other hand, it is recorded that C. endivia L. is cultivated in Istanbul. In some studies, in the literature, while the DNA sequence of ITS 1, 5.8S rRNA, ITS 2 ve trnL-trnF markers which belong to Cichorium species has been studied with more than one population, the DNA sequence of psbA-trnH, ndhF, rbcL, matK marker has been studied with 1-3 populations. However, according to calculated evolutionary trees, it is observed that the species don't generate monophyletic clades. In this study, DNA sequences of trnL, trnL-trnF, psbA-trnH, rpl32, rpl16, matK, ndhF, rpoC1, rbcL, rps16, trnK, trnQ markers in the chloroplast along with the ribosomal ITS 1, 5.8S rRNA ve ITS2 intergenic region of Cichorium species naturally distributed in Türkiye were studied. With this multilocular dataset obtained, evolutionary trees were calculated in both the 'maximum likelihood' and the 'Bayesian' approaches, and as a result, it revealed the evolutionary relationships of the species. Furthermore, detailed macro and micro-morphological studies of these species were made. The phylogenetic positions and morphological characteristics of the species were discussed comparatively. It has been revealed that the genus Cichorium is monophyletic. It also has been revealed that C. intybus and C. spinosum species are closely related to each other and C. pumilum and C. endivia species are closely related to each other. Trees with dissimilar topologies were obtained in phylogenetic analyzes with ITS and combined chloroplast datasets. This has been interpreted as the two organelles having different evolutionary stories. C. glandulosum was studied molecularly for the first time. Its phylogenetic placement in the genus was revealed for the first time. It is phylogenetically supported in terms of both ribosomal and chloroplast datasets that C. glandulosum, which is given as a synonym of C. pumilum in many sources of literature, is an accepted species. It has been revealed that C. glandulosum is an endemic species to our country. In the literature review, it was seen that lectotype treatment of C. glandulosum was not done and the sample of Kotschy, which was collected from Diyarbakır, was determined as lectotype. It is seen that the polytomic topology and ITS datasets in these analyzes were not very successful in distinguishing between C. intybus-C. spinosum and C. pumilum-C. endivia complexes, while chloroplast datasets could not separate the C. intybus-C. spinosum complex from each other, but were successful in distinguishing the C. pumilum-C. endivia complex from each other.