Failure of nation building in Afghanistan and the situation of ethnic minorities in the context of protection of minorities in international law: The case of shia hazaras

This thesis aims to examine the failure of nation-building in Afghanistan and the situation of ethnic minorities, particularly the Shia Hazara minority, in the context of the protection of minorities in international law. The thesis sets out to understand the rights and situation of ethnic minorities in Afghanistan, evaluate the impact of international law on the protection of minorities, and highlight the challenges in the nation-building process. The primary research question addressed in this study is the position and rights of minorities in international law. The answer to the research question is provided under four main headings. The first section deals with the general theoretical framework, constructivism theory; the second section focuses on the demographic situation in Afghanistan and the distribution of political power among different ethnic groups. The third section discusses nation-building debates in Afghanistan during the American intervention, and the fourth section addresses the rights of Hazara, Shia, minorities in Afghanistan, draws conclusions, and presents recommendations. When examining international law, it is evident that minorities hold a fundamental position in international law. However, in practical terms, the international community has generally failed to protect the rights of minorities. The findings of this study addressed discussions concerning the rights of Hazara, Shia, minorities in Afghanistan, revealing the fact that religious and sectarian minorities do not enjoy basic rights in Afghanistan. It emerged that religious and sectarian minorities in Afghanistan still face numerous challenges.