The importance and empirical modeling of energy efficiency for emerging economies

In this doctoral dissertation, the long-term effects of many variables on energy efficiency for emerging economies were investigated. These effects were investigated with mixed variables, including social, political and institutional variables as well as supply and/or demand-side economic variables for the general economywide energy efficiency. To make an energy efficiency comparisons between sectors, sectoral energy efficiencies have also been analyzed in ectorss of industry, services and agriculture. Variables to explain energy efficiency have been determined using other similar studies in literature. The ratio of "GDP output/Amount of energy used" as dependent variable is explained by using variables related to energy resources, energy losses, structural, demographic, cultural, economic, institutional, social and political factors. In sectoral models, "Sectoral GDP output / Amount of energy used in the sector" is used as the dependent variable. It was seen that the explanatory power of double-sided logarithmic models was higher than original forms, hence, two-sided logarithmic model estimates were run. Models were created by both avoiding the multi-linear connection problem and containing more variables. According to the results of the second generation panel cointegration analysis conducted for all models created, the long-term relationships have been found. According to the model estimations results, fossil fuel use and CO2 emission negatively affect energy efficiency for both general and sectoral energy efficiencies, and those with GDP and/or sectoral GDP affect positively. In addition, While the energy losses, urbanization and natural resource rents have negative effect, the renewable energy use, foreign direct investment, fixed capital investment, openness, export-import increases, globalization, energy prices, technology exports, total factor productivity, government efficiency, the control of corruption and the rule of law have positive effects on the energy efficieny. In addition, the economic globalization in the industrial sector, technology exports and energy price increases, employment in the services sector, the rule of law, government efficiency, social globalization and political globalization positively affect energy efficiency.