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The use of cucurbitacin e in the inhibition ofenzymes in the apoptotic mechanism that causesthe accumulation of tau fibrils in an alzheimeranimal model, and the investigation of its effecton memory acquisition by measuring theexpression of the relevant genes
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a brain disease. Phytochemicals are the basis of phytotherapy. In this study, tau fibrils were formed in a rat model of Alzheimer's. It was investigated whether there was a decrease in tau fibril formation and its effect on cognitive functions after treatment with cucurbitacin E (CuE) in the Ecballium elaterium plant. Sprague Dawley female rats (225-250 g) were used. Tau fibrils were formed with okadaic acid and was applied intracerebroventricularly (ICV). Animals were randomly divided into 5 groups, with 6 animals in each group. 1- Control, 2- Stereotaxic, 3- Stereotaxic+aCSF (artificial cerebrospinal fluid), 4- Stereotaxic+Ocadaic acid (OKA), 5- Stereotaxic+OKA+CuE. Rotarod, Morris water maze, and elevated plus maze test were used for anxiety and memory analyzes. Finally, the hippocampus tissue was removed. The changes of Tau fibrils were determined immunohistochemically, MAPK1/3, MAPK14, and Tau protein levels were determined by western blot, and gene expression levels of MAPK1/3 and MAPK14 were determined by quantitative Real-Time PCR. Statistical analysis was performed with one-way ANOVA for multiple comparisons and post-hoc analyzes using Tukey's test. The results showed that CuE is effective in the acquisition of memory by regulating Alzheimer's tau pathology and can be used for therapeutic purposes. Key Words: Alzheimer's Disease, Cucurbitacine E, Tau Fibril, Phytochemicals
Effect on ganoderma lucidum (red reishi mushroom) extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) immunoreactivity
Carbon tetrachloride (CCI4) is a compound with a general toxic effect. Respiration involves absorption by the skin and gastrointestinal tract. In the present study, immunohistochemical localisation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was investigated in adult rats that were administered carbon tetrachloride and ganoderma lucidum. In the study, 32 adult Spraque-Dawley male rats aged 8-10 weeks were used. The rats were divided into 4 groups; control-sham, CCI4, Ganoderma lucidum (GL) and CCI4+GL. As a result of the experimental applications, it was observed that liver tissue was normal in the control and GL groups, while CCI4 caused various histoptological lesions. COX-2 immunoreactivity; while it was more common in the hepatocyte cytoplasm in the region from the sentral vena to the kierman range, it was detected sporadically in the hepatocyte nucleus. Total antioxidant level (TAS), Total oxidant level (TOS), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were evaluated as biochemical parameters. Key Words: Ganoderma Lucidum, Carbon Tetrachloride, Cyclooxygenase-2, Immunoreactivity, Total Oxidant/Antioxidant Capacity
Biochemical responses of oncorhynchus mykiss to the stress induced by phosmet
Organophosphorus pesticide phosmet is an anticholinesterase showing its toxicity following contact, ingestion and inhalation. It finds a use in agriculture for apple, peach and olive trees against pests in our country and there are limited numbers of study related to its sublethal effects of on non-target organisms. Therefore this investigation was performed to evaluate oxidative stress inducing potential and anticholinesterase activity of phosmet together with biochemical blood parameters on liver and brain tissues of juvenile O. mykiss following 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h of exposure to 5 µg/L, 25 µg/L and 50 µg/L concentrations. Phosmet application resulted in important decrease in the levels of serum glucose, protein and cholesterol while a significant increase in the activities of ALT, AST and ALP were recorded. Its anticholinesterase activity was confirmed in both liver and brain tissues being more pronounced in brain possibly due to abundant tissue concentration. In both tissues, the activities of SOD, CAT and GPx and level of GSH were increased. Similarly, TBARS level exerted ascending tendency. Obtained findings reveal the inhibitory effect of phosmet on AChE activity and its oxidative stress potency. The observed changes in ALT, AST and ALP activities present the hepatotoxic potential of phosmet meanwhile determined hypoproteinemia and hypoglycaemia were evaluated as adaptive responses to cope with the applied stress.
Using drug repositioning approach to alzheimer's disease treatment and future perspective
Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative brain disorder of unknown etiology which is the most common form of dementia that usually starts in late middle age or in old age, results in progressive memory loss, impaired thinking, disorientation, and changes in personality and mood. Therefore, we here used computational approaches to accelerate the process of discovering effective treatment for Alzheimer's disease. From the available drugs, we selected families of Aspirin and Imatinib. After adoption of molecular docking, we found that Fendosal from Aspirin group and Flumatinib from Imatinib group were most significant. The binding energy of Fendosal was (-8.240 kcal/mol) against AChE and (-7.836 kcal/mol) against BuChE while the binding energy of Flumatinib was (-9.541 kcal/mol) against AChE and (-9.432 kcal/mol) against BuChE. The 10 ns molecular dynamics simulation was performed for complexed Fendosal and Flumatinib with AChE and BuChE to appraise the stability of these drugs inside the binding sites of AChE and BuChE. These results revealed that Flumatinib and Fendosal are a good inhibitor for both BuChE and AChE. In summary both of Fendosal and Flumatinib can be as first step for in vivo and in vitro studies. Keywords: Alzheimer's Disease, Drug Repositioning, Molecular Docking, Aspirin, Imatinib.
Improving antimicrobial activity of brown propolis with addition of spirulina platensis
In this study, differences between the ethanolic extract of two different samples of Turkish brown propolis (Gaziantep and Adana), in the total phenolic content, total fla-vonoid content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were investigated. The synergis-tic effect of propolis with incorporation of Spirulina platensis was also evaluated as an-timicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albi-cans. Findings of this study indicates that there was no significant difference in total flavonoid content and antimicrobial activity between the two samples of propolis (p>0.05), but there was significant differences in antioxidant activity and total phenolic content (p<0.05). Propolis and S. platensisP showed good antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisims alone and in combination, and the synergistic effect of propo-lis with incorporation of S. platensis was also confirmed. Accordingly, this study under-lined the in vitro antimicrobial activities of propolis, S. platensis and their combination. More deep and confirmatory studies are needed in the future to evaluate the in vivo an-timicrobial activity of the combination.
Antimicrobial effect of propolis taken from different regions
Propolis is a natural gummy product produced by bees. The study investigated the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidants effect, and antimicrobial effect of two propolis samples collected from different geographical areas and determined the presence of the synergistic effect of propolis on azithromycin. The TPC be determined using the method of Folin–Ciocalteu. The TFC was be determined using quercetin, the antioxidant effect determined by the DPPH• agent, and the antibacterial activity test was performed using the disc diffusion method. The MIC/MBC and the synergistic effect were determined by the broth two folds dilution method. The TFC of Ordu propolis was 79.30±3.915 mg/ml and for Hatay propolis 72.63±6.57 mg/ml. The TPC of Ordu propolis was 249.07±15.71 mg/ml, and for Hatay propolis was 98.41±2.47 mg/ml, the EC50 of Ordu propolis was 4.22 µg/ml, while Hatay propolis was 12.66 µg/ml. Both propolis samples were effective against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative strains (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae). Also, propolis showed a synergistic effect when added to the azithromycin against the tested bacteria. Different geographical origins affected the propolis chemical content and biological activity. Propolis and azithromycin combination may slow the bacterial resistance against azithromycin. Key Words: Turkish Propolis, Antioxidant Effect, Antimicrobial Effect, Total Phenolic, Total Flavonoid.
Investigation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 levels in the sera of children with chronic kidney disease
Free radicals and oxidants are involved in physiological signaling pathways, but an imbalance between pro-oxidant and antioxidant systems leads to oxidative stress and is responsible for the pathogenesis of many diseases such as diabetes mellitus, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, infectious diseases, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and atherosclerosis. CKD and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) are among the important causes of mortality and morbidity in childhood. Early diagnosis and treatment of the disease may prevent most CKD patients from progressing to ESKD. For this purpose, 63 patients were included in the study. Of the patients, 26 had peritoneal dialysis (PD), 12 in hemodialysis (HD), and 25 in compensated chronic kidney disease. Twenty healthy individuals were included in the study as the control group. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), Kelch-like ECH-related protein 1- (Keap1-), glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3ß), peroxynitrite (ONOO-), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in the sera of patients and control groups. Among the measured parameters, Nrf2, ONOO-, MDA levels were found to be statistically significantly higher when compared to the control group, but no difference was found in Keap1 and GSK-3ß levels. The results obtained in this study show that the oxidant status is increased in the patient groups and it would be beneficial to add antioxidant substances in addition to the applied treatment.
Determination of cytotoxic, apoptotic and proinflammatory suppressive properties of Thymus kotschyanus var. glabrescens-silver nitrate (AGNO3) nanoparticles
The medical use of nanotechnologically synthesized plant-derived compounds and nanoparticles has gained considerable prominence. Through the use of plant-derived silver nanoparticles, the apoptotic mechanism can be induced in cancer cells, thereby suppressing cancer cell growth. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of silver nanoparticles synthesized with the aqueous extract (TKW) of Thymus kotschyanus var. glabrescens—a medicinal plant rich in phenolic and terpenoid compounds with diverse biological activities—on the inhibition of proliferation, morphological alterations, induction of apoptosis, and suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in lung cancer cells.To this end, following treatment with TKW-AgNPs, cancer cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay. In addition, morphological changes in A549 cells were examined with a phase-contrast inverted microscope. Induction of apoptosis was quantified by flow cytometry using an Annexin V/propidium iodide assay kit. Levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-8 were measured by ELISA. The chemical characterization of TKW-AgNPs was performed by FTIR, XRD, and SEM imaging.The results demonstrated that TKW-AgNPs reduced cancer cell viability and induced late apoptosis in A549 cells. In conclusion, TKW-AgNPs exhibited antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic,and pro-inflammatory marker-suppressing activities against lung cancer cells
Development of kefir enriched with propolis, arthrospira platensis, and artemisia absinthium-zinc oxide nanoparticles
This study focused on the development and characterization of functional kefir enriched with propolis, Arthrospira platensis, and Artemisia absinthium extracts mediated zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles. Green synthesis was employed to prepare the nanoparticles, utilizing the bioactive compounds of the natural extracts as reducing and stabilizing agents. The enriched kefir samples were analyzed for physicochemical properties (pH, titratable acidity, viscosity, protein content, and total solids), microbial viability, antioxidant capacity, color parameters, and sensory attributes during 28 days of storage. The results demonstrated that the incorporation of these nanoparticles enhanced the nutritional and functional properties of kefir while also improving microbial stability and extending shelf life. In particular, the fortified kefir exhibited increased antioxidant activity, higher protein retention, and superior probiotic viability compared to control samples. Sensory evaluation revealed that moderate levels of fortification were well accepted, although higher concentrations affected color and flavor perception. Overall, the study highlights the potential of combining propolis, Arthrospira platensis, and Artemisia absinthium with ZnO nanoparticles to produce a novel functional dairy product with enhanced health benefits.
Effect on levels of plasma total oxidant/antioxidant and total sialic acid of bellis in cyprinus carpio (l. 1758)
Fungicides pose a potential hazard to aquatic life. They bring toxic effects on organisms during their use in agriculture. Bellis is an important fungicide, particularly in the region of Southeast Anatolia in Gaziantep where pesticides being used widely on plants like pistachios, pomegranates, cherries and apples. In this study, 30 Fish (250-300 g) Cyprinus carpio (L. 1758) from Islahiye Tahtaköprü Dam were used. The fish were transported to the laboratory in polyethylene tanks for a period of 7 days (22-25 ° C and normal photoperiod). The new environment has provided adaptation for them. Then they were divided into 3 groups of 10 fish: A control group, group of 0.025 mg/L Bellis I and a group of 0.050 mg/L Bellis II. After the end of 14 days of application, blood samples were taken from the fish and the plasma were separated. The obtained plasma samples had a total oxidant / antioxidant Status (TOS/TAS) and total sialic acid (TSA) levels. Life environment to 0.025 and 0.050 mg / L Bellis added fish with Bellis added to a control group of fish of 14 days is received when a blood sample biochemistry, structural parameters compared with control Bellis set in is evaluated (0.025 and 0.050 mg / L) total oxidant Status TOS level rises, whereas it was found that the reduction of the total antioxidant Status TAS level. Also, total sialic acid TSA levels increased in both Bellis groups compared to the control group. Although TSA levels of Bellis I groups were higher than Bellis II. Keywords: Pesticide, Bellis, total antioxidant Status, total oxidant Status , total sialic acid, Cyprinus carpio.
Modeling of protein-peptide interactions using HADDOCK web server for cancer therapy
Peptides and proteins have an important role in almost every cellular process in biological systems. Protein−peptide interactions show a prominent part of functionally suitable biological interactions, and so potential therapeutic targets. In particular, peptide-based drug leads for cancer are being explored because of the enormous impact it has on health care in the world and the urgent need for more effective treatments. Small molecules and antibodies were used to target binary system, but they are expensive, non-cell permeable and get undesired effects in their applications. Therefore, peptides are of significant interest in drug design as they can be highly potent and specific for a range of different drug targets. In this study, we discover and determine structural information on derived peptides and vascular endothelial growth factor to design drugs to improve treatment of human diseases, such as cancer by using HADDOCK (High Ambiguity Driven bio molecular DOCKing) online webserver. The results of this study reveal that the rational design and modeling of inhibitors using peptide-binding epitopes derived from protein–peptide complexes shows an alternative approach beside clinical applications.
Role of serum resistin hormone level in rheumatoid arthritis its relationship to joint erosion
Study was set to investigate serum levels of resistin in rheumatoid arthritis patients, and compared serum resistin levels between patients and control groups. This study was comprised thirty-five patients with RA disease (30 females and 5 males) and 30 matching age individuals were assigned to be as a control group. Calculation of body mass index (BMI) was carried out for RA patients and controls. Evaluation of disease activity was done using the DAS-28 Erythrocytes Sedimentation Rate scoring system. Resistin ELISA Kit was used to measure serum resistin level in both RA patients and controls group. Statistically, RA patients found to have significant higher mean of serum resistin level than control groups (17.8706 ± 17.9151 versus 10.09728 ± 8.04811 ng/dl respectively (P = 0.467). In addition, serum level of resistin showed a correlation with inflammation biomarker such as C-reactive protein (0.02), erythrites sedimentation rate and disease active score (P = 0.01). No significant correlation was found between serum rersistin level and patients' age, bmi and disease duration.Serum level of resistin was significantly higher in the RA patients than control individuals, no correlation was found between resistin level and Age and BMI. However, the serum resistin level positively correlated with ESR and CRP in the RA patients. Keywords: resistin, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammation, disease activity.
Relationship of serum visfatin level and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis patients
This study was set to investigate the effect of visfatin serum levels in rheumatoid arthritis patients, and to find correlation of serum Visfatin levels in rheumatoid arthritis patients with disease activity. In the present study that we did on 35 Rheumatoid arthritis patients, the patients study area contain 30 females and 5 males, this indicates that Rheumatoid arthritis disease (RA) Infects the females by a larger percentage than the males, the Visfatin serum levels were much higher with the RA patients compared with the result of control cases. As well, the percentage of visfatin serum increases with the increase of the disease activity where visfatin range was between 7-56 for the severe disease activity and these levels were the highest levels has been recorded it. Visfatin ELISA Kit was used to measure visfatin serum level in both RA patients and controls group. RA patients showed statistically significant higher mean of visfatin serum level than control groups. Also, visfatin serum level showed a statistically significant positive correlation with body mass index. There was a clear relationship between the disease activity and the ESR. Wherever the ESR was high the disease activity was high. Wherever the ESR was high Whenever the patient is in severe inflammation. significant correlation between the visfatin and the ESR. Also, correlation with the rheumatoid factor (RF) and likewise for the ALT test. the correlation continues to include the disease duration too. Disease activity have direct link with ESR, Visfatin and disease duration. Also, the P-value of disease activity score shows it is statistically significant and it have correlation significantly with the age and RF. Keyword: Visfatin, Rheumatoid arthritis, inflammation, Disease Activity, Visfatin Level.
Zinc, magnesium and prealbumin serum levels of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Several trace elements are involved in glucose metabolism and insulin signal transduction. Also, some of proteins such as serum pre-albumin has a prognostic value in many diseases, but its serum levels can be affected by many factors. Our aim for this present study was to compare the levels of magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn) and prealbumin between patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) and healthy children. 34 type 1 diabetic children who were under follow up of Pediatric Endocrinology Department and 94 healthy children who were under regular control of Social Pediatrics department at University of Gaziantep were enrolled in this study. Serum zinc, magnesium and pre-albumin levels of patients diagnosed with type1 diabetes mellitus were compared with separate control groups for each parameter. The ethical permission has been taken from the ethical committee of University of Gaziantep. Informed consents of participants or their legal guards were taken. The present study consisted of 34 diabetic children at average ages of (3-16) Serum pre-albumin levels were found significantly low in type 1 DM patients compared with healthy children at 16.87±3.63 vs 21.88±7.7 (p<0.000), respectively. Additionally, diabetic children showed a marked decrease in Mg levels at 1.9±0.14 compared to 2.01±0.13 in controls (p=0.005). On the other hand, no statistical significance was detected in serum Zn values between patients and healthy controls with figures of 0.82±0.16 and 0.86±0.10, respectively (p=0.329). The role of prealbumin as a biomarker is not clear yet. However, it is thought as a negative inflammatory marker. Within this context, the low levels of prealbumin in diabetic patients may be attributed to the chronic inflammatory status of the type 1 diabetis. Regarding Mg, the slightly decreased levels in type1 diabetic children were consistent with literature. With respect to Zn, this research did not reveal any difference between the study groups. However, there are controversial results regarding Zn levels in the literature. In conclusion, regularly measurement of Mg and Zinc levels of type 1 DM patients may be required in terms of supplementation when necessary. Furthermore, prealbumin levels may play a role as a biomarker in terms of monitoring inflammatory status of type 1 DM patients.
Removal of reactive red 120 by using moringa oleifera seeds
daha sonra doldurulacak
Investigation of ARF6 gene expression in colorectal cancer
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. Colorectal cancer develops after a long and multistep carcinogenesis process. Adenosine diphosphate-ribosylation factors (ARFs) are a family of Ras-related GTP binding proteins. ARF6 functions are concerned with actin cytoskeletal remodeling, cell polarity and cell migration and thus may have an important role in driving carcinogenesis. In many types of cancer such as breast, lung, brain and skin, ARF6 has been associated with these cancer types. This study aims to clarify the relationship between the level of ARF6 expression and tumor and normal colon / rectum tissues of colorectal cancer patients in Turkish community. Ethics committee approval required for the study was obtained from the Gaziantep University Medical Faculty Local Ethics Committee. Normal and tumor tissue samples were obtained from 43 patients with colorectal cancer. ARF6 mRNA expressions were analyzed by real time-PCR. Results of the study show that there was no statistically significant difference between ARF6 expression levels in normal and tumor tissues (p > 0.05).
Influence of spirulina and whey protein hydrolysate on growth rate and activity of some probiotic bacteria in ayran
The aim of the study was to investigate enhancing the growth and activity of probiotic bacteria (Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii spp. bulgaricus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium lactis) as function of adding Spirulina platensis and whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) into ayran. Effects of adding S. platensis, WPH, and probiotics at 0%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 1% concentrations on the growth of probiotic bacteria were studied before and after the fermentation, 7th, 14th, and 21st of the storage time. Spirulina platensis, WPH and probiotics had significant effects (P<0.05) on the growth of S. thermophilus, L. delbrueckii spp. bulgaricus, L. acidophilus and B. lactis, and the biochemical variables. The addition of S. platensis, WPH, and their mixtures significantly (P<0.05) increased the growth of probiotics compared to the control after the fermentation up to the 21st day of storage. The samples containing 0.25, 0.5, and 1 % of S. platensis, WPH, and probiotics had significantly (P<0.05) higher titratable acidity level compared to the control during the study time. The mixing of S. platensis, WPH and probiotics at 1% had the highest total solid and protein content compared to the control samples. The samples consisted of S. platensis, WPH and probiotics at 0.25, 0.5 and 1% concentrations decreased (P<0.05) viscosity during the storage time. The mixing of three biomaterials at 0.25, 0.5 and 1% values significantly (P<0.05) decreased L* and b* values compared to the control during the storage time. The mixtures of three biomaterials had a great potential for enhancing the growth of probiotic bacteria in ayran.
Characterization of iron oxide thin films deposition by spray pyrolysis using different ferrum compounds
Investigation of the production of traditional dried eggplant and development of a new method for drying
The purpose of this thesis is to determine the traditional production and the drying method so as to propose alternative methods for drying. Infrared and sunlight simulation drying methods were utilized to determine the changes of the dried eggplant. The carved eggplants (as in traditional method) were placed to specially design IR and sunlight chamber until drying to the traditional eggplant moisture level. The changes in moisture content, total phenolic content, antioxidant content, total anthocyanin content, nutritional values (ash, protein, carbohydrate, fat), color (L*, a*, b*, YI), acidity, aerobic plate count, mold and yeast count values were determined. The drying period was decreased from 72 hour of traditional method to 5 hours by Infrared and 30 hours by sunlight simulation drying method. Better color values were acquired with the IR drying method compared to traditional method. The lightness and redness of sample changed significantly (p≤0.05) with drying methods. Total anthocyanin content after IR drying was found to be significantly (p≤0.05) different than sunlight simulation and traditional drying methods. Microbial load was decreased significantly (p≤0.05) with IR drying method. The results showed that both methods proposed might be the alternative methods to eliminate hygiene concerns of the traditional products. The study demonstrated that the two methods proposed might be used to design alternative production line for industry.
Evaluation of protective effect of Arum maculatum against dextran sulfate sodium- induced experimental colitis in
Ulcerative colitis (UC), an inflammatory bowel disease, is characterized by diarrhea, bloody stools, abdominal pain, and mucosal ulceration limited to the large intestine. Although non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressants are used to treat UC, their long-term use has shown various adverse effects. Therefore many researchers target to utilize from medicinal plants to cure UC. Arum maculatum has been used for digestive system disorders traditionally by people for centuries. However, there is no research regarding the use of A. maculatum against UC. This study aims to determine the protective effect of A. maculatum against dextran sulphate sodium-induced (DSS) experimental colitis in rats. Ethics committee approval was approved by the Gaziantep University Animal Experimentations Local Ethics Committee. The histological (macroscopic and microscopic scores) and biochemical (malonaldehyde (MDA) and oxidative stress index (OSI)) parameters of colon samples obtained from rats were examined. Overall, the biochemical and histological findings of the present investigation demonstrated that treatment of rats with A.maculatum protected the colon against DSS induced colitis in a dose dependent manner. The plant methanol extraction yield was found as 26.23%. The total phenolic and flavonoid amounts of A.maculatum were determined as 32.919±1.125 mg GAE/g and 52.045±7.902 µg RE/mg. respectively. IC50 value of the extract was found as 105.76 µg mL-1 by DPPH radical cleaning activity. Key Words: Arum maculatum, Ulcerative Colitis, IBD (Inflammatory Bowel Diseases)
Association of KIR2DL4 gene polymorphisms with obesity
Obesity is one of the most important health problem which threatening public health and spreading rapidly. Obesity results from the excessive amount of fat accumulation in the body. The relationship between obesity and function of immune system was shown by previous studies. KIR genes encode receptors regulating cytotoxicity of Natural Killer cells and cytokine manufacturing. The KIR2DL4 gene is an atypical member of the KIR gene family; it differs from the other members in term of cellular location, ligand specificity and protein function. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between KIR2DL4 polymorphisms and obesity. Fifty obese patients (BMI >30) and 50 normal weight (BMI< 30) control subjects participated to the study. Blood samples were collected from the subjects, and after DNA isolation PCR- RFLP method was used for genotyping of polymorphisms. Allele and genotype frequencies were calculated by direct counting and genotype distributions in the groups were compared by chi-square analysis. Results of the study indicated that there is no statistically significant association between obesity and rs649216, rs660773 polymorphisms (p >0.05), however rs660437 C allele might be a risk factor for development of obesity (p =0.004).
Biochemical effects of clothianidin in heart and spleen tissues of Oncorhynchus mykiss
This study, Oncorhynchus mykiss of clothianidine was investigated by considering the potential of inducing neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in the heart and spleen tissues. For this purpose, juvenile O. mykiss 7, 14 and 21 days were determined under the influence of 3, 15, and 30 μg / L concentrations of pesticide, AChE, SOD, CAT, GPx activities, protein amount, MDA, GSH and protein carbonyl levels were determined. It was determined that there was a significant increase in antioxidant enzyme activities, GSH, MDA and protein carbonyl levels. The application of clothianidin reduced the amount of protein while inhibiting tissue AChE activity. After the application, tissue specific responses were observed in somatic indices, and an increase in heart and a decrease in spleen were observed which was more pronounced on extended period of exposure at high concentration. As a result, it is evaluated that alterations occur as an adaptive response in biomarkers, which were analyzed as a result of the application of clothianidin in O. mykiss individuals with induction of neurotoxicity and oxidative stress. The apparent change in the amount of protein carbonyl shows that this parameter can be used as a sensitive indicator, although it is not specific for the chemical type.
Biochemical effects of nano ZnO on Zeratophyllum demersum
This study was carried out to determine some biochemical effects of nano-ZnO application in Ceratophyllum demersum, one of the aquatic macrophytes. The C. demersum used in the research was collected from the province of Gaziantep. The plants brought to the laboratory were acclimated to the experimental environment in a 10 % nutrient solution in a conditioning cabinet under controlled conditions. Different concentrations of nano-ZnO (0, 5, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg / L) were applied to healthy plants. Some biochemical analyzes were carried out on the plants harvested at the end of the application. Increases in the effect of zinc oxide were determined in the amounts of non-protein sulfhydryl groups. It has been determined that the amount of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde increased statistically significantly, especially at high concentrations. This showed that high concentrations of ZnO concentrations cause oxidative stress in plant tissues.
Determination of reactions of chickpea (Cicer spp.) genotypes against fusarium wilt agent Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris
Chickpeas supply high quality protein to the South and West Asia and the Mediterranean Basin. Chickpea Fusarium wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris is one of the fundamental yield-limiting factor of chickpea in these areas. The most efficient control measure of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris is to breed resistant varieties requiring efficient population characterization of the causal agent. This study was conducted to investigate the races of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris in chickpea cultivating areas in Turkey and to screen wild (C. reticulatum) and cultivated (C. arietinum) genotypes with race 0 and 2 to define resistant/tolerant lines. Eighteen isolates were screened by using C-104, JG-62, JG-74, GPS-1, BG-212, WR-315, L-550, GHAFFA, K-850, ANNIGERY, ILC482, and BG-215 genotypes to define the races. Pathogen isolates showed differences in symptoms of the disease. Among the isolates used in the study, the lowest virulence level was found with FDK6 (race 0) and the highest virulence level was in FAKM 25 (race 2). The BG-215 genotype was found to have the highest level of resistance in all isolates, while C-104 was determined as the most susceptible genotype. Among the genotypes tested in C. reticulatum and C. arietinum resistance genetic resources against race 0 and 2 of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris were identified. The data obtained would support breeding studies in chickpea against F. oxysporum f.sp. ciceris.