Development of the decorative art in 19th century Ottoman architecture: A review on the decorations of Bursa Emir Sultan Mosque

Turkish domination has started in Anatolia since the 11th century. From this period onwards, Anatolian Seljuk Period, Principalities Period and Ottoman Period were experienced. The Ottomans, which were originally a Western Anatolian Principality, grew up and developed together with the conquest of Bursa and became the Empire. In the early and classical period, the use of China (tile) in the decoration is predominant. In vegetable decoration, the use of rime, palmette and lotus motifs are widely seen. The most widely used technique is china (tile). From the 17th century onwards, the Ottoman Empire entered into different quests and became influenced by westernization in this period. In this period, the decoration of flowers and fruits is the most prominent in the architectural decoration perspective. Among the techniques used, pencil technique is quite common. This technique gives the motifs a three-dimensional appearance. Bursa Emir Sultan Mosque is one of the buildings constructed in the 19th century during the Westernization period. The structure, which was originally dated to the 15th century, was damaged in the earthquakes that took place over time. In 1804 it was rebuilt with the influence of baroque, ampir and rococo styles. Plaster, wood, stone and pencil work were applied in the decorations of the square-planned and single-domed building which was constructed with stone and brick material. In accordance with the characteristics of the period, the pencil work gained importance. Motif properties can be examined under herbal, geometric, writing and other titles. While floral, acanthus, rumi and stylized palmettes became significant in herbal decoration, star motifs were predominant in geometric ornament. In addition, the writing was a decoration element that was used intensively. In this study, it is aimed to examine the decorative characteristics of Bursa Emir Sultan Mosque, in terms of its location, material and technical aspects and motif characteristics. The scope of the study is limited to the interior and exterior decoration of the building and the courtyard unit. In the context of the study, a literature survey has been conducted. Then a case study has been carried out the photographs of , the building and the decoration elements have been taken, and the drawings of the motifs have been obtained from the Bursa Regional Directorate. In the first part of the thesis, the introduction has been presented and in the second part, the development of decoration in Anatolian Turkish architecture until the 19th century has been explained. In the third and fourth chapter, the development and the transformation of the architectural decoration in Anatolia in the 19th century and the reflections of this change on the Emir Sultan Mosque in Bursa were described. Key Words: 19th Century Ottoman Architecture, Decoration, Emir Sultan Mosque, Bursa