The Military architecture of the Ottoman State in the 19th century and the military buildings built in Istanbul

In the 19th century, the modernization period named as the "Westernization Period" have created important changes in the Ottoman military organization and army order, which inevitably influenced the formation of the military architecture. In this research, documentation of all the buildings constructed in the 19th century for the Land Forces of the Ottoman Army built in Istanbul- as the base of the 1st Army Force, and evaluation of their historical and architectural values, designating the preservation problems of the remaining military buildings have been studied. For to define the military architecture developed in the 19th century, first the changing structure of the Ottoman military and army organization have been analyzed based on a division defined by the period of reign in administrative terms. While researching, how changes made at the military education as a result of interaction with the West, reflected upon the military architecture. It has been observed that relations with France had been influential on designs of military architecture. The military architecture of Istanbul in the 19th century is studied in two parts: before 1826 - the date that the "Kapıkulu Ocakları " have been abolished- and its aftermath. The military buildings built before 1826 for the "Kapıkulu Ocakları", has also been considered as part of the functional and formal continuity and for to define the similarities seen in later periods. After the renovations made at the military organization in 1826, it has been documented that buildings in 9 different functions such as administrative, barracks, hospital, school, police station, armory, factory, depot, bakery, kitchen, bath house, lodge; 68 in total has been built, 47 of these buildings remain today. Through the original information dating 19th and beginning of 20th century obtained by the translation of Ottoman military books and documents from official archives, it has been possible to identify military buildings for their location, design principles, construction materials and techniques. The problems of conservation and defining approaching ways for these cultural artifacts, that through change of use and other interventions loose their plan and facade characteristics and partially their construction techniques today, has been undertaken. Keywords: Ottoman, military, architecture, Istanbul, administrative building, barracks, school, hospital, police station, factory, armory, depot, bakery, kitchen, bath house.