The abstract approaches of women artists in the 20th century

This study focuses on four women artists , Hilma af Klint, Lee Krasner,Helen Frankenthaler, and Grace Hartigan who were rendered invisible within the male dominated narratives of twentieth century art history. The research examines the innovations these artists introduced to abstract art as forms of intellectual and creative resistance against gender norms. The introductory section discusses the historical obstacles faced by women artists and emphasizes the importance of individual freedom. The theoretical chapter analyzes the aesthetic and philosophical foundations of abstract art. Klint's spiritual abstraction, Krasner's struggle for an independent artistic identity ,Frankenthaler's politicization of aesthetics through her soak -stain technique ,and Hartigan's figurative and ironic style examined in detail. the study demonstrates that these artists contributed to an alternative art historical narrative not only through formal innovation but also through their critical stance toward art institutions .