Trade wars and economic sanctions in the 21st century (USA-China example)

This thesis investigates one of the most significant developments in 21st-century international economic relations: the trade wars and economic sanctions between the United States of America (USA) and the People's Republic of China. Since 2018, the imposition of tariffs and economic measures by the USA and China's strategic responses have deeply influenced global trade dynamics. In this context, key concepts such as trade protectionism, free trade, economic sanctions, and power transition theory are examined within a comprehensive conceptual and theoretical framework. A qualitative research design was employed, based on document analysis of academic studies, official reports, and international datasets. The annual GDP growth rates, imports, and exports of the USA and China between 2014 and 2024 were comparatively analyzed. The findings reveal that China maintained a consistent trade surplus and sustained economic growth throughout the period, while the USA struggled to reduce its chronic trade deficit despite protectionist policies. In conclusion, the trade war between these two global powers is not merely an economic conflict, but also a geopolitical and strategic struggle. China's resilience and ability to adapt through structural economic reforms have positioned it more advantageously in the long run. This study contributes to the literature by offering a comparative and analytical perspective on the evolving nature of global trade policies in the context of power transition theory.