Islamic political theory in the Period of Abbasid State: traditional society, muslims and caliph (VIII.-XIII. century)

In our thesis, we tried to examine the political debates within the period from the establishment of the Abbasid Empire until the beginning of the twelfth century. In this study, we did not include philosophy and Shia literature expressing opinions on politics. The main sources of our sturdy is the works of jurisprudence, history and book of government. In the thesis, in order to understand the literature of the period better, we applied to the thesis with Marx's theses and the idea of Christianity. In addition, we tried to define the concepts frequently used in the literature with examples in the introduction of the thesis. In our first section, we made theoretical explanations on issues such as traditional society and "circle of justice." In the second section, we made practical statements on the relations between the Abbasid and Sasanian and Byzantium. Finally, in the third section, we made theoretical and practical explanations by focusing on the political discussion in the literature. The aim of this thesis is to examine the discussions of the literature on the political period and to reveal the continuity and transformation of the literature in the period from İbn-i Mukaffa to et-Turtuşi. Besides, it is to point to the signals of the Abbasid State's transformation into a classical empire as a pre-modern society and try to show its effect in the literature. It is understood that the religion of Islam does not have definitive provisions on political practices, and so thinkers consider political issues as jurisprudence issues; it facilitated the reconciliation of the literature with the political practices of the Byzantine, Sassanid and Arabs. Moreover it has been determined that some opinions of thinkers deviate from the general line of literature. Also it is understood that power- oriented on government has become widespread in literature. Finally, it has been shown that the Abbasid State represents political and religious powers by adhering to the Islamic tradition, but does not generally have "spiritual authority" specific to the God-King type seen in the Sassanid and Byzantine examples. Keywords: Traditional Society, Political Theology, Two Sword Theory, Circle of Justice, God-King, Sprituel Authority.