Determination of distribution, density, biology and control strategies of species of ivyleaf morningglory (Ipomoea spp.) and field bindweed (Convolvulus spp.) in agricultural areas of the Mediterranean region

This study were conducted to determine the biology, alternative control possibilities and the most effective and economical application of control measures against Convolvulus arvensis L. (CONAR) and Ipomoea triloba L. (IPOTR), which were determined as the highest prevalence and density among Convolvulus and Ipomoea species in agricultural areas in the Mediterranean Region. Surveys were conducted in 581 fields and 46 different crops and 8 different weed species such as Convolvulus arvensis L. (CONAR), C. scammonia L., C. stachydifolius Coisy, C. betonicifolius Mill., C. galaticus Roston. ex Choisy, Ipomoea triloba L. (IPOTR), I. hederacea (Linn) Jacq., and I. purpurea (L.) Roth. belonging Convolvulaceae family were detected throughout the Mediterranean region. CONAR (52.32 %) and IPOTR (9.12 %) were detected as weed species with the highest frequency of occurrence. In the region, CONAR (52.32%) and PIOTR (9.12%) were found to be the species with the highest incidence. The best result in breaking the dormancy in CONAR and IPOTR seeds was obtained from the treatment of H2SO4 with a germination rate of 96.4-100 %. Minimum, optimum and maximum germination temperatures for CONAR seeds were determined at 10 °C, 20-30 °C and 40 °C, and IPOTR seeds were determined at 10 °C, 25-30 °C and 40 °C, respectively. It was determined that the best emergence in the seeds of both species occurred at a depth of 2 cm and the germination rate was 84.%for CONAR and 96.8%for IPOTR. The lifetimes of CONOR seeds at 10 and 20 cm depths of the soil were determined as 90.10%and 87.5%at the 6th month, and 15.4%and 9.5%at the 30th month. The life spans of IPORT seeds at 10 and 20 cm depths of the soil were determined as 93.9%and 85.2%at the 6th month, while it was determined as 10.1%and 7.6%at the 30th month, respectively. It has been determined that the effects of Sorgaab, obtained from Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), on the fresh weight of the CONAR and IPOTR plant were 5.5 and 16.%, and the effects on the dry weight of the CONAR and IPOTR plant were 6.6-15.4%, respectively. Sorgaab treatment did not cause any phytotoxicity to cotton plant growth. Weed control studies were carried out in cotton fields in Ceyhan and Yüreğir districts of Adana during 2018- 2019 growing seasons. In weed control studies, 85%Pyroxasulfone (PYRS), 75%Trifloxysulfuron sodium (TRFS), 383 g/l Pyrithiobac-sodium (PYBS), 480 g/l Glyphosate isopropylamine salt (GLYI), 915 g/l S-metolachlor+ 45 g/l Benoxacor )+hand hoe (SMEÇ), Milled intermediate hoe + in-row hand hoe (FÇÇÇ) applications were used as treatments. Among the control treatments against CONAR plants, the highest effect rate was obtained from PYBS (2 times) application (76.0%), followed by TRFS (2 times), FCEÇ and GLYI applications with 72.0%effectiveness. The highest efficacy against IPORT plant was recorded when TFRS (90.75%) and PYBS (90.17%) active ingredient herbicides were applied twice with 15 days intervals. In the economic analysis studies conducted for the controlling of CONAR, TRFS (2 times application), PYBS (1 and 2 times application) and FCEÇ applications were determined as highest net income applications from the cotton crops. The highest net income was obtained from the FC application in the efforts to combat IPOTR, followed by the applications of YOZK, SMEÇ and TRFS (2 times).