Calculation of seismic reflection sections of hydrocarbon traps in complex geological environments by acoustic finite difference modeling

In this thesis, it is aimed to artificially investigate the seismic reflection responses of hydrocarbon (oil and natural gas) trapping models in complex geological environments. The shot domain seismic modeling of the hydrocarbon trap models was calculated with the 2 dimensional acoustic finite difference method (AFDM) since it is a realistic approach and can arbitrary select different entrance models. In this context, firstly, tests were conducted for the selection of the most appropriate parameter in obtaining data on the simple channel trap model. By taking these parameters as a reference, the synthetic data of the shot domain of the channel, anticline, normal fault trap, granite wash and bioherm trap models, which have an important place in terms of hydrocarbon exploration in the world and in our country, were calculated and these data were converted into zero-offset sections (stack and migration sections) with the most appropriate data processing stages. With through model data, the effects of the structural (geometric) properties of the complex hydrocarbon traps on wave propagation were investigated, workflow options have been tested to achieve the best zero-offset sections with data processing processes and the reasons for problems emerging by comparing the initial geological model with the zero-offset sections were discussed. In particular, it has been found that scattering waves interference caused uncertainties in velocity selection due to the negatively affecting the results of the velocity analysis and thus reduces the quality of stack sections. It has been tried to solve these problems with pre-stack and post-stack migration processes. Consequently, it is has been observed the selection of parameters for data acquisition and the selection of parameters in the processes applied within the sequencing of data processing and their order in the workflow are extremely important in the quality of the obtained zero-offset sections and in characterizing the ground model with high consistency. Keywords: Acoustic Finite Difference Method, Hydrocarbon Traps, Shot Domain Seismic Modeling, Data Processing.