The historical formation process and structural character of Ancient Greek polis (city-state)

Formations similar to the city-states which are the product of the transition to settled life and called as police in Ancient Greek Civilization were firstly found in the Near East; The site appeared in ancient Mesopotaomia, nom in ancient Egypt and city-state in ancient Anatolia with different names and different qualities. Before the settled life, which was undoubtedly the greatest step taken in human life, the lives of people living in small groups, nomadic living and living with hunting have changed radically with the Neolithic Period life style. With this new life, which is a transition from hunter-gatherer life to a settled agriculture-based life, all habits of nomadic people have changed and the first foundations of civilization have started to form. The most important of these innovations is the establishment of permanent settlements for the purpose of protecting the vineyard, garden or field of human beings, and starting to live together and consequently the small settlements that occur naturally turn into cities in time. In a more primitive way, the first cities emerged in the Near East and spread to other geographies of the world. Often located around water resources such as rivers, lakes, seas and fertile valleys, settlements have developed within the opportunities offered by the geography. The settlements that succeeded in using the geographical opportunities in their favor began to grow and prosper over time, and the power factor resulting from this wealth transformed the large settlements into self-governing, self-sufficient independent city-states. The first city-states, each with its own policy, administration, religion and architecture, in general, have their own socio-political character, are seen in the Near Eastern civilizations. In Old Mesopotamia, one of the earliest geographies where these civilizations emerged, the city-state or the site state; the control of the vast land, the region is constantly exposed to invasions, due to geographical conditions, the protection of remote lands and the difficulties caused by continuous army feeding. The site-states in Mesopotamia are temple-centered states with full autonomy, based on an agricultural basis and with socio-economic centers of temples. Often regarded as the second earliest civilization after Ancient Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt had regional kingdoms, similar to the site-state in Mesopotamia, called nome. Although there were differences, these regional kingdoms, which had basically similar common features, had a different system of governance and different religious beliefs, such as the site-states in Mesopotamia. Another and similar example of these kingdoms in Ancient Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt emerged in Ancient Anatolia in the absence of a strong central empire. Each of these principalities, known as the principality or the city-state, was responsible for their region and often struggled with each other to seize the supremacy of regional power. The most important common feature of these regional states, which have many differences, is that they are all united under the rule of a powerful central empire. This is the most important point where these regional administrative centers, which share the end of the moment, are separated with the city-states which emerged in the Ancient Greek Civilization and called the police. Because the police have managed to survive. In ancient Greece, known as the police and the civilization in question, social, political, cultural, religious, architectural and so on. the city-states that shaped in every field emerged spontaneously and as a result of the fragmentation of nature without any effort. The fact that geography has gained an important place in its emergence is not a factor that alone is sufficient for the police to maintain its existence for a long time and among them, mountains, hills and so on. However, it is insufficient in explaining the long-term nature of policemen who do not have obstacles like these, but still do not unite. In this context, the characteristics of the police to be addressed. There were three basic qualities that each police should possess and that made the police a police officer. The first of these is autonomia through citizens and their own laws; the second was administrative and economic self-sufficiency (autarkheia), and the third was being independent (eleutharia), and if a police lost any of these qualities, they would have lost the quality of the police. The police, which includes many meanings, is a city for the Greek Greeks, a city physically, a state politically and a living area socially. What made a Greek special from the others and made him unique and special was everything for a Greek and it was the most valuable gift that the gods donated to the Greeks. For this reason, the police, which shaped the civilization in every field, maintained its existence for a long time compared to other regional states and became a symbol of the Ancient Greek civilization. The aim of this study is the Historical Formation Process and Structural Character of Ancient Greek police; The aim of this course is to examine the transformations of the police, which is the most important unit of the ancient Greek civilization and which gave the character to the civilization, from its birth to its collapse both in physical and social terms and in political terms. In this context, in order to understand the police better, we refer to the Bronze Age (3500-2000 BC) cities, which are the precursors of the police and which have been an example for the shaping of the police in every sense. In addition, in this study, it is tried to examine how the civilization arising from the urbanization and the urbanization started by the transition of human beings to settled life and how the state emerged and undergone a developmental phase in different geographies in different geographies and whether there is any connection or interaction between the existing city-states in these civilizations. While realizing these aims, the main sources (ancient sources and documents, archaeological data) and modern literature directly related to the subject have been tried to be examined in detail. Keywords: Settled life, city, sites, nome, Ancient Greek, polis (City-state).