Punishment methods in Ancient Greece and Rome; Torture techniques and torture tools

In the process from ancient times to the present, societies have changed and developed, and they have resorted to punishment and torture in order to fulfill some of the responsibilities brought by living together and to maintain order. Although it is not known exactly when the torture started, it is seen that it is used and spread rapidly in the society. When we look at the ancient Greek period, after the establishment and rapid growth of the police, there was a rapid change in the social order, and with the formation of the aristocratic segment, the hierarchical structure was clearly seen. Social class distinction became clear and slavery became an institution. Although the slaves did not have any rights, they saw the slave as a commodity, bought and sold them, and tortured them as they wished. It is also known that in Ancient Rome, which has existed for many years, it has become difficult to control the society with the widening of the borders, and the punishments have been aggravated and different tortures have been applied. The society's enjoyment of torture and seeing it as entertainment brought gladiator games with it and became the scene of bloody demonstrations. As both societies developed and grew, the hierarchical difference between people began to become more evident. This situation revealed the existence of torture and the problem of how it should be applied to whom. At that time, although the punishment and torture for which crime was not clearly determined, the severity of the punishment and torture was decided by looking at the status of the person. By using torture in the name of punishment, they tried to normalize torture and made it simple. While these tortures are being made, methods without using tools and techniques using tools are seen. Sometimes it is seen that they use several tortures together to increase the degree of pain. While tortures such as the use of poison, throwing from a height, and water torture are examples of torture without the use of tools, instruments such as the cross, whip, torture bench and torture wheel can be given as examples of torture techniques. Key words: Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Punishment, Torture, Slave