Two essays on the economic dimensions of R&D and innovation

In essence, this study aims to examine how R&D and innovation affect economic issues and their contribution to the economy. For this purpose, in the first attempt, two different export variables were used. These variables are, while the export1 variable shows the exports of goods and services in US dollars at 2015 constant prices, the export2 variable shows the percentage share of goods and services exports in GDP. It was analyzed with the ARDL method for the argument that R&D expenditures in Turkey can increase exports in the long term. According to the ARDL cointegration test results, a 1% increase in R&D expenditures in Turkey in the 1996-2020 period will increase Exports1 by 1.0443%, and a 1% increase in R&D expenditures in Turkey in the 1995-2021 period will increase It reveals that the increase of 10% increased Export2 by 0.240013%. Finally, the results of the causality test show that there is a bi-directional causality relationship between R&D expenditures and exports. In the second attempt, it reveals the relationship between R&D expenditures of OECD countries and national income of innovation by using time series data for the years 1995-2021 with the help of the Hausman test to choose between the fixed effects model and the random effects model. Many variables were analyzed using two R&D and twelve innovation indicators. When the F-statistic values of these variables are examined, it is concluded that all variables are statistically significant and their coefficients are positive. According to the findings; When we consider two different variables out of fourteen variables, a 1% increase in the share of Trademark1 (foreign trademark applications) variable in GDP increases GDP by 0.0623%; While the inflation variable is negative, the coefficients of productivity, investment, and education variables are positive, and a 1% increase in the share of the Trademark2 (domestic trademark applications) variable in GDP increases GDP by 0.0721%; While the inflation variable took a negative value, the coefficients of the productivity and investment variables were found to be positive and each of them was statistically significant. In other variables, it was concluded that R&D expenditures and innovation have a positive effect on national income for OECD countries. Although inflation has generally had a negative impact on innovative activities that increase national income, it has not caused a major decrease in national income. Looking at the results of the trials, the contributions of R&D and innovation to the economy cannot be ignored.