Comperative and superlative in Arabic (ismu't-tafdîl)

Grammatical Studies, which was starting with the punctuation of the Holy Book Kur'ân, formed the Syntax of Arabic called Ilmu'n-Nahv, in a way that it had became a particular science with its framework and principles.Morphology of Arabic called Ilmu's-Sarf was considered in the context of the Nahv in the early stage of this formation process, but then it had became an independent scientific discipline also. Ismu't-Tafdîl, which is an element of Morphology as a form and an element of Syntax because of its position in the sentence, is one of the most respectful elements of Arabic Comparisons, we use frequently in daily conversations, is expressed by Ismu't-Tafdîl structure in Arabic. Ismu't-Tafdîl was not defined as a particular part of Arabic Syntax in the early works such as Sîbeveyhi (d. 180/796)'s al-Kitab and Muberred (d. 286/900)'s al-Muktedab. İsmu't-Tafdîl, according to findings, for the first time, was considered and defined in the work of Ibn al-Hâcib (d. 646/1249) called al-Kâfiye. According to his definition, ismu't-Tafdîl is a word derived from the verb for a being superior to others in a manner. It is understood from this definition that, there is a partner both of them have the same ability but one of them is superior to the other one. The superior one is called as "Mufaddal" and the other is "mafdûl" or "mufaddalun aleyh". The "ef'alu" or "أفعل" is the unique form for Ismu't-Tafdîl, thus, "ef'alu't-tafdîl" or "أفعل التفضيل" is the another name of Ismu't-Tafdîl in Arabic Syntax. The most important factor to be considered is that the form of "ef'alu" which is dedicated to Ismu't-Tafdîl is also used as a verb at the same time. Ismu't-Tafdîl has different uses in such statements. Simple uses, uses with definite article called harfu't-Ta'rif and uses in genetive cases. There are unique characteristics of each use. Keywords: Ismu't-Tafdîl, Ef'alu't-Tafdîl, Deriving, Qualification, Syntax, Morphology