General equivalence problems at lexical and phrasal levels in arabic translation

11 ABSTRACT This study titled "General Equivalence Problems at Lexical and Phrasal Levels in Arabic Translation'' is a descriptive study to deal with the equivalence problems at lexical and phrasal levels encountered in translation from any source language to any target language in general, and from Arabic to Turkish and from Turkish to Arabic in particular, and the strategies to follow in order to overcome these problems. Chapter One deals with the approaches to equivalence in translation in general terms. This section give the approaches of Jakobson, Nida, Catford, al-Jâhiz, Yinay and Darbelnet, House, de Beaugrande and Dressier, Hatim and Mason, Newmark, and Baker. Chapter Two discusses the general equivalence problems at the lexical level. The semantic types within the scope of "semantic framework of the word" are investigated with respect to translation problems. Also the formal and semantic lexical repetition, which is a stylistic features of Arabic, and ellipsis in Arabic translation are also examined. The case of faux amis [iaJse friends], which has undergone a semantic shift as a result of an interlingual lexical exchange. Chapter Three examines the equivalence problems at phrasal IeveL In this context, collocations, idioms and proverbs are investigated. Chapter Four gives certain translation strategies which may be used at lexical and phrasal levels. These strategies are studied under the headings cultural transposition, compensation, partieularization and generalization, paraphrase, addition and omission. Conclusion gives the general conclusions of the study and several suggestions.