Identification of potential rockfall areas and development of optimal remediation methods in archaeological sites (Sille-Konya)

This study aims to identify rockfall risks in the 1st Degree Archaeological Site and ensure maximum safety with minimal intervention. In the initial phase of the study, potential rockfall zones were identified in detail, and a 3D high-precision terrain model was created using the digital oblique photogrammetry method. Subsequently, geological structure analyses, laboratory tests of geomechanical properties, and seismic ERT and seismic refraction measurements were carried out during fieldwork. The obtained data were used to analyze dynamic soil parameters and stratification characteristics. Risky blocks were modeled in a 3D digital environment, with their volumes and precise locations identified and risk levels assessed. Stability analyses were conducted to evaluate block movements under static and seismic conditions using kinematic and limit equilibrium analyses. To predict the impacts of potential rockfalls, 2D and 3D rockfall analyses were performed, determining bounce height, velocity, kinetic energy, and maximum run-out distances. A total of 5,200 2D and 500 probabilistic 3D analyses across 52 cross-sections were conducted. Following the risk analyses, the behavior of registered historical structures under potential rockfall impacts was examined using the ABAQUS finite element software. The Minaret of the Çay Mosque, Quran school, and one masonry structure were modeled and analyzed under impacts from three different rock blocks each. At this stage, the failure modes of these structures were evaluated, and the effectiveness of mitigation methods was analyzed. In the final phase, alternative mitigation methods were numerically analyzed based on the obtained risk parameters, and criteria for selecting intervention and protection methods in archaeological sites were established. Additionally, the adequacy and capacity of protective structures were analyzed to determine the optimal mitigation method and dimensions. In conclusion, this study serves as a reference guide for researchers and designers, providing insights into identifying rockfall risks and selecting appropriate mitigation methods in archaeological sites.