Assessment of certain biochemical risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in diabetic patients in Baghdad

Diabetes mellitus is expected to rise from 371 million people in 2013 to 552 million by 2030. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), which accounts for 90–95 percent of all cases, is to blame for the majority of the epidemic. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the primary cause of mortality in diabetics, accounting for more than half of all fatalities. High levels of hyperlipidemia and blood pressure, as well as classic risk factors such as smoking and obesity, are all risk factors for major cardiovascular events. Finally, insulin resistance (IR) and hyperglycemia raise the risk of CVD complications. This study was planned to investigate the relationship between T2D and CVD in the Iraqi population, as well as how these parameters relate to CVD risk factors, because there is little research on Iraqis in this field. To carry out the research, a total of 150 participants over the age of 40 were recruited for this research (88 men and 62 women). There were 50 "healthy" adults (29 males and 21 females) in the control group who had no history of CVD, T2D , or other disease, 50 T2D patients (22 males and 28 females) in the T2D group, and 50 T2D with CVD patients (37 males and 13 females) in the T2D & CVD From April to November 2021, these individuals will be recorded at Baghdad Teaching Hospital and all participants completed an interview-administered questionnaire. Serum fasting serum glucose (FBG), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), serum C-reactive protein (CRP), total cholesterol (T-Ch), triglycerides (TG), Triglyceride-glucose index (TyG-index), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and levels were measured by photometric transmission method using the Cobas c111 system measurement using kit (Roche/Germany), while Oxidized LDL (Oxid-LDL) was quantified using the competitive-ELISA approach (Cusabio/United States) and compared to the control group as well as across patient groups. T2D patients group had a greater prevalence of age (over 50 years), obesity, and high blood pressure. T2D & CVD patients group had significantly higher glucose and HbA1c levels, as well as Oxid-LDL, TyG-index, CRP, TG, LDL, and lower levels of HDL when compared to T2D group and control group. The increased risk of CVD in T2D patients is a result of these findings. The current study also discovered that individuals with poor HbA1c control are more likely to experience macrovascular problems than those with adequate HbA1c management. As a conclusion in individuals with T2D and CVD, higher levels of both Oxid-LDL and TyG-index may be a valuable marker for risk and prognosis in T2D and CVD patients. Obesity and dyslipidemia were both linked to an elevated risk of CVD in T2D individuals with high HbA1C levels.