Mines and ball casting stages according to the master teacher İshak Efendi's Usûlü's-Siyâğa

The work called Usûlü's-Siyâğa by Chief Hodja İshak Efendi gives information about ball casting. Although the date of the work is not known exactly, it is estimated that it was published between 1831-1833. Metals, ball casting stages and mines used in the construction of firearms are discussed according to our work. Based on the idea of contributing to the History of Chemistry in particular and the History of Science in general, two articles by İshak Efendi in his work called Usûlü's-Siyâğa were examined. In this direction, information about ball casting is given. The metals used in the construction of the ball are explained and the stages of casting the ball are examined using scientific research methods and techniques. Because İshak Efendi knew the languages of the east and west, he worked as a translator in the Divan-ı Hümayun. In addition, İshak Efendi was the person who introduced modern science to the Ottoman Empire. He was the head teacher of the engineering house. Some information about chemistry and metallurgy is given in these schools. The publication of the work called Usûlü's-Siyâğa, which describes the ball casting, shows this. This work was used as a textbook in schools. The most important feature of his work, which he translated from French into Turkish through adaptation, is that it is the first work written about artillery in the Ottoman Empire. İshak Efendi stated in his introduction that he removed the parts that he deems unnecessary. In Usûlü's-Siyâga, metals such as iron, steel, bronze, copper and tin, which will be used in the production of the cannon, are explained in detail by İshak Efendi. He detailed the iron issue as wrought iron and cast iron. He also included the construction of soil mold and sand mold in his work. In the following, the construction stages of the ball casting are given. In his work, İshak Efendi stated that he did most of the things through experience while describing ball making.