Bazı buğday (Triticum turgidium) tür ve çeşitlerinin soğuğa, kurağa ve tuza dayanım düzeyleri

Wheat, second the most produced and consumed cereal in the World and in Turkey, is an important crop for both its nutritious and health value. Recently developed technologies has led its use as bio-fuel, too. Wheat production fluctuates a lot since its farming depends on mostly environmental -climatic- factors, acreage per capita decreases because of increased population, and, therefore, is much restricted. Production increase is only possible by higher yield and lower yield losses due to biotic and abiotic factors. Global climate change negatively affect the World by increased human activities. Increased emission gases such as CO2, CH4 has caused continuous irreversible natural events. Recent non-seasonal rainfalls and higher temperatures in Turkey are most likely resulted by these climate changes. The abiotic stress due to these changes is one of the main reasons for yield loss in wheat. They seriously decrease yield because of germination period damages. Hence; determining the tolerance of modern and cultivated wild wheat genotypes would be beneficial. The project was studied under laboratory conditions in order to effectively control outer factors. In the study, twelve bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (Gerek-79, İkizce-96, Kıraç-66, Kenanbey, Flamura-85, Momtchil, Bayraktar-2000, Tosunbey, Pandas, Pehlivan, Demir-2000 and Gün-91), and 10 einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum subsp. monococcum) populations (Population-1, Population-2, Population-4, Population-5, Population-6, Population- 9, Population-10, Population-11, Population-14, and Population-15 were germinated in the growth chambers and tested against different levels of salt, cold, and drought stresses. Against the salt (NaCl), drought and cold stresses, germination rate (GR), germinating power (GP), coleoptile length (CL), shoot length (SL), root length (RL), shoot/root length ratio (SRLR), root fresh weight (RFW), root dry weight (RDW), root fresh weight/root ratio (RFDWR) were measured and/or calculated in a three replicate factorial restricted randomized block design. Wheat cultivars / populations under cold stress significantly differed within themselves and between cold levels. Twelve bread wheat cultivars highly significantly differed for GR, RL, and RDW; significantly for CL and SL; and non- significantly for GP, SRLR, and RFW. The average dendogram resulted in two main groups of both bread and hulled einkorn wheat entries. Seven different drought stress conditions revealed that SL and SRLR were the most sensitive traits and followed by CL and RL. The mean performance of all traits was worsened starting at various drought stress levels, too. The highest decreasing in percent was in SL (100.00%), SRLR (100.00%), and RL (99.07%), and the lowest was in GP (55.9%). The dendogram grouped bread wheat and einkorn wheats into two different groups. The highest GR and GP under salt stress occurred between 0-0.20 M salt, and followed by CL, SRLR, RFW, and RDW between 0-0.15 M, and SL and RFDWR between 0-0.20 M. GR, GP, and RFDWR decreased starting at 0.25 M, and followed by CL, SRLR, RFW, and RDW at 0.20 M, GP and RFDWR at 0.25 M. Pearson linear correlation coefficients for higher sample numbers were significant at various degrees for all values. A significant PC of 0.356 happened for RDW, 0.335 for RL, 0.310 for SRLR, and 0.309 for RFW in PC1. The first three PCs were accounted 90.525% of total variation. The highest of PCs was PC1 (71.946%) and was tailed by PC2 (11.098%), and PC3 (7.481%). The dendogram clearly grouped bread wheat and einkorn wheats into two different groups.