Effects of led and compact fluorescent lights used in building lighting on power qualiyt

The term power quality has an important place in electrical networks today due to electronic equipment that started in the 1980s and increased with the development of technology day by day. The main reason for the interest in power systems in terms of electricity generation, distribution and end users in electrical systems is the critical economic aspect. Because the systems used are advantageous in terms of electronic equipment, energy efficiency and sensitivity to deviations in source voltage when compared to conventional systems. Other reasons for this interest can be exemplified as new generation power equipment, interconnected structure of networks, efficiency of power systems, awareness of end users against power quality problems, privatization of electricity establishments and increasing energy consumption. Power quality consists of some parameters such as the constancy of voltage and frequency, continuity of energy, balanced phase voltages, power factor close to 1, and the amount of harmonic in the voltage remaining at a certain level. During the generation, transmission and distribution of energy, current and voltage in electrical power systems are expected to be at 50 Hz frequency and waveforms are expected to be sinusoidal. These parameters are the most important factors for electrical energy quality. However, current and voltage waveforms move away from the sinusoidal form as non-linear loads in electrical systems cause harmonic formation. Therefore, they cause significant problems in electrical power systems. One of the most important causes of these problems in electrical energy systems is the negative effect of harmonics on the grid, and in this thesis, harmonics occurring in lighting systems are examined. Information about the formation of harmonics, the sources that cause this formation, the harmful effects of harmonics and how to eliminate harmonics are given. Today, a large percentage of electricity consumption is spent on artificial lighting, so an inefficient lighting wastes resources. In recent years, compact fluorescent lamps (KFLs) used in general lighting applications have been replaced by light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which are used as high-efficiency, long-lasting light sources. Since the driver circuits consisting of power electronics elements used in these lamps have non-linear characteristics, power quality problems are increasing. These non-linear loads cause distortion of waveforms and formation of harmonics in electrical installations. Harmonics in the system can cause economic and some undesirable technical problems. In order to avoid these problems, system requirements should be determined and designs should be made in accordance with the limit values given by international standards. This thesis is the study and analysis of harmonics, energy consumption and power quality of LED and compact fluorescent lamps in building lighting systems. It is recognized worldwide that energy saving and improving energy efficiency are key issues to address problems caused by existing or used power electronic elements in the system. One of the methods used to improve energy quality is to increase energy saving and energy efficiency in buildings. LED is the most popular energy efficient lighting source used in many application areas. However, the power quality problem caused by the power electronics equipment used in LED and compact fluorescent lamps should also be considered. Because LEDs and KFLs have a driver, a switching device that can generate harmonics and electromagnetic interference (EMI), it is important to control sound and noise reduction to prevent negative effects on the building's electrical system. In this framework, the harmonics produced by the drivers used by these lamps will be measured and the filters that will drive these harmonics will be calculated. The studies were carried out both practically and in computer environment with Matlab program. In this study, LED luminaires operated with KFL and drivers belonging to two different brands were examined. Power quality analysis of different lighting systems Harmonic measurements of KFL and LED luminaires were taken in the laboratory using the Fluke 43B Power Quality Analyzer, which is class A according to IEC 61000-4-30 standard. As stated in the total harmonic distortion description, the current waveform is affected by high distortions, while the voltage waveform maintains its sinusoidal form. The voltage is not dependent on the total harmonic distortion load condition. Voltage harmonics produced by the interaction between current harmonics and very low grid equivalent impedance are negligible. The small value of the voltage total harmonic distortion is only due to the harmonic pollution already present in the network. In this experiment, 53 W, 39 W LED luminaires and 79 W fluorescent lamps were used. Although these luminaires have different power values, they have the same lumen values according to the results of the light test. LED drivers and electromagnetic ballast used in luminaires are selected from different manufacturers. According to the measurement results obtained, passive filter design was made for harmonic values that do not comply with the standards by using the MATLAB program. For luminaires with rated current ≤ 16 A and active input power > 25 W, harmonic measurement results were compared using current harmonic limit values according to IEC 61000 series. When the harmonic filter design and harmonic measurement results are examined, since the current harmonics of the LED luminaire with KFL and A brand driver are higher than the limit values allowed by the IEC 61000-3-2 standard, it was deemed appropriate to reduce the current harmonics by designing a harmonic filter. The simulation results are modeled in the MATLAB program of the LED luminaire with KFL and A brand driver. 4 different filters for KFL and LED luminaire are designed in MATLAB environment. The current total harmonic distortion values were calculated by performing fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis with the MATLAB program of the filters added to the LED luminaire with KFL and A brand driver by performing performance analysis. After adding the filter circuits, the low-pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 150 Hz showed the best results. The products used have different power values. In this case, the total current harmonic distortion in the KFL unfiltered condition is better than the type of LED luminaire with A brand driver, but since the lumen outputs of the products are approximately the same, the most inefficient luminaire is observed as the KFL. When filtered cases are compared, A brand driver LED luminaire absorbs harmonic currents better. As a result of this examination, passive filter design was made to eliminate the harmonics formed and the harmonic current values were compared. The circuit elements used in the designed filters are selected with the highest frequency causing harmonic formation, and different results are obtained by designing 4 different filters in the MATLAB environment. Thus, the harmonic components of the KFL and A brand driver LED luminaires used in lighting systems were removed by the use of passive filters, and the current waveform moving away from the sinusoidal form was brought closer to the sinusoidal form, and the problem of poor quality in electrical energy was eliminated. In addition, as a result of the light tests, it was observed that LED luminaires have the same lumen output as KFL at lower power values. LED luminaires are more efficient, economical and long-lasting than KFL. Considering the increasing energy costs today, it is known that LED luminaires have become more important and are widely used.