Analysis of the effect of transparent and opaque componenets of building envelope on energy consumption

The limited habitable spaces in the world, population growth, the increase in energy demand of both developed and developing countries, and the reduction of carbon based energy sources force the global energy industry to seek alternative energy sources. Greenhouse gases released by firing of carbon based fuel causes global warming, and this situation poses a threat. The implementation of sustainable action plans is necessary to leave a habitable environment for future generations. Green house gases should be limited. CO2 is the greenhouse gas most commonly produced by human activities and it is responsible for 64% of man-made global warming. Its concentration in the atmosphere is currently 40% higher than it was when industrialisation began. The most important step to address the impact of global warming caused by human activities on climate change was the conclusion of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which was opened for signature at the United Nations Environment and Development Conference, convened in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro. The Convention entered into force on March 21, 1994. More than 190 countries including Turkey and the European Communities (EC) are party to the Convention. Therefore, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions below levels of 1990 was determined in United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) within this scope. The 7th Conference of Parties in 2001 has adopted a decision to "... delete Turkey's name from the Annex II and to place Turkey among the Annex I countries, taking into account its special circumstances, differentiating it from other Annex I countries...". This decision entered into force on June 28, 2002 and since that date Turkey is only an Annex I country. The Kyoto Protocol requires developed countries to reduce their GHG emissions below levels specified for each of them in the Treaty. These targets must be met within a five-year time frame between 2008 and 2012, and add up to a total cut in GHG emissions of at least 5% against the baseline of 1990. Turkey became a party to the Kyoto Protocol on 26 August 2009. Since it did not take part in the Annex-B of the Protocol, it did not undertake any emission reduction commitments. Turkey's responsibility under the Protocol until 2012 is only limited to the Article 10 of KP. At the Paris climate conference (COP21) in December 2015, 195 countries adopted the first-ever universal, legally binding global climate deal. The agreement sets out a global action plan to put the world on track to avoid dangerous climate change by xxii limiting global warming to well below 2°C. The agreement is due to enter into force in 2020. Governments agreed on mitigation ; a long-term goal of keeping the increase in global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels; to aim to limit the increase to 1.5°C, since this would significantly reduce risks and the impacts of climate change; on the need for global emissions to peak as soon as possible, recognising that this will take longer for developing countries; to undertake rapid reductions thereafter in accordance with the best available science. The agreement also recognises the importance of averting, minimising and addressing loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change; acknowledges the need to cooperate and enhance the understanding, action and support in different areas such as early warning systems, emergency preparedness and risk insurance. In most developed countries, buildings consume 40 percent of total final energy. The International Energy Agency defined building sector as cost effective sector in terms of reducing of energy consumption. The saving obtained through insulation performed at low costs and selection of the right glasses pays off the investment cost in a short time. Estimated energy saving is 1509 million TEP (tons of oil equivalent) until year of 2050. Moreover, reducing the total energy demand by increasing the energy efficiency in buildings will remarkably decrease the green gas emission caused by buildings. The convertible reduction of 12.6 gigatons of CO2 gas emission will be possible by 2050. 90 percent of the existing buildings in Turkey have not been constructed as energy effective. Being a candidate country to EU requires to harmonise EU directives to our national legislations. In this context, according to 2010/30 / EU ( Energy Performance in Buildings) directive and Energy Efficiency Act, Energy Performance in Buildings Regulations were published in Official Gazette dated 05.12.2008 and numbered 27075 by Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. In accordance with the Regulation, existing buildings have to be certificated until the year of 2017. Energy consumption level and greenhouse gas emission level for new buildings have to be at least "C" level. This obligation not only provides better living standarts for consumers but also reduces operating cost of buildings. In addition, the proportion of energy import which is a huge burden for national economy used in buildings will be decreased, and greenhouse gas emission will drop due to energy efficiency. %7 mitigation target for year 2020 carbon emission will be limited 604 million tonne equilavent CO2 comparing with 1990's emission level 127 million tonnes equilavent CO2. Turkey, accade to international agreement requirements, mitigate green house gases voluntarily. In the study, calculation of the consumption unit square meter per year instead of refence building should be used for energy performance certification class determined in legislation. Recomended total heat transfer coefficient in the standart should change in terms of; - Building typology (education, hospital, hotel, office, residence) - Different metrics such as; hospital and hotel (kWh/bed-year), office (kWh/m3year), education buildings (kWh/person-year) be limited with metrics. Existing building's heating loads calculating with suggested U values at TS 825 and it causes the capacity of mechanical and electrical systems to be higher in design. - Heating loads should be calculated with lightining, cooling, ventilation loads taking into account the dynamic relations among them. - Construction material and insulation material's heat transfer coefficent value should be defined with climate region's moisture and insulation values. Calculation results should be approximated to real situation. For example; rock wool has a different heat transfer coefficent value in İzmir which has hot and moisture climate and in Erzurum which has cold and dry climate. Well-designed buildings' mechanical and electrical system cost will be lower and th fund alloted to them can be finance to renewable energy systems. If CO2 emissions concentration is higher, it can't be acceptable in terms of sustainable development. Project designers have to analyse projects with dynamics simulation program. The results will show not only how the active systems work together but also the integration with building envelope.