Bolu Ovası'ndaki hava kirliliğinin mevsimsel biyoizleme ve haritalandırılması

In this study, the air quality profile of Bolu Plain was determined by applying biomonitoring methodology. Lichen and pine needle samples were collected in November 2012 and in June 2013. The samples were analyzed by Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IR-MS) for stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) for the elements. Concentrations of elements were comparable with literature data. Concentration data were used to get the pollution distribution maps of the region. Descriptive statistics of the lichen and pine needle samples collected in summer and in winter field campaign were determined. The lowest average concentration was found for Pt as 0.3±0.2 ng g-1 and the highest average concentration value was obtained for K as 2816±1589 as µg g-1 during winter field campaign for the lichen samples. The average concentration for δ15N and δ13C for lichen samples was found to be -9.72±3.12 and -22.46±0.60 ‰, respectively, during the winter field campaign. Similar to the winter field campaign, the lowest average concentration value was found for Pt as 0.3±0.2 ng g-1 in the summer field campaign for lichen samples. The highest average concentration was obtained for K as 4530±1631 µg g-1 during the summer field campaign for lichen samples. The average concentration for δ15N and δ13C associated with lichen samples was found to be -9.71±3.89 and -22.48±0.67 ‰, respectively, during the summer field campaign. Elemental compositions are different for lichen and pine needle samples. Pine needle samples showed completely different composition in terms of most of the elements analyzed in the study while elemental composition was comparable for lichen species. Pine needle samples had higher accumulation capacities for Mg, K, Mn, Sr and Ca both in the summer and in the winter season. In this study, EFc values were calculated for winter and summer field campaigns separately. In addition, since the accumulation capacities of the lichen and pine needle samples are different, their seasonal EFc values are also evaluated individually. EFc values associated with Zn, Hg, Cd, Sb, As and Se were higher than 10 implying that these elements were released to the atmosphere purely from the anthropogenic sources. Factor analysis was also performed in this study to apportion the sources affecting the chemical composition of samples collected in this study. Six-factors were retained in the winter field campaign, which are crustal, motor vehicle, coal combustion, oil combustion, biomass burning, and cement factory. All these sources account for the 81.2 % of the system variance. For the summer field campaign, five factors were resolved, which are crustal, biomass burning, coal combustion, local mixed, and motor vehicle. Five factors account for the 82.8 % of the total system variance. Lastly, the spatial distribution of parameters for which calculated EFc values were greater than 10 and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios was evaluated in this study. The distribution of parameters is distinct from each other. However, for most of the parameters, the hot spots were close to highways and locations with higher concentrations were clustered close to the city center. KEYWORDS:Biomonitoring, lichen, elements, isotope ratio, factor analysis