Effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on gingival crevicular fluid and serum biomarker levels

The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate the changes in complement C1q tumor necrosis factor-related protein 1 (CTRP-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum following non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) in systemically healthy, non-smoking, periodontally healthy individuals (S), individuals with gingivitis (G), and stage III grade B periodontitis (P), and to determine the discriminatory power of these biomarkers in the diagnosis of periodontal diseases. Sixty-nine subjects were included in the study (S: n=25, G: n=23, P: n=25). Periodontal clinical parameters (plaque score, probing depth, clinical attachment level, gingival recession, and bleeding on probing) were measured in all participants at baseline and after NSPT. CTRP-1, TNF-α, and IL-10 levels were analyzed in GCF and serum samples by ELISA. Findings revealed improvements in periodontal clinical parameters in all groups after NSPT. Notably, GCF levels of CTRP-1, TNF-α, and IL-10 demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing between periodontal health and disease groups. ROC analysis revealed excellent discrimination by GCF TNF-α and IL-10, while CTRP-1 showed high accuracy in identifying periodontitis. The discriminatory power of these biomarkers was limited in serum samples. Furthermore, strong correlations were found between GCF biomarker levels and indicators of periodontal inflammation.These results suggest that GCF levels of CTRP-1, TNF-α, and IL-10 may serve as clinically valuable biomarkers in the diagnosis of periodontal disease and in monitoring treatment response.