Biphasic scaffold production and compliance with stem cells

Bone marrow stromal cells and fat tissue are often used as a source of stem cells and differentiation processes are examined with markers. Mesenchymal stem cell is an option for cellular therapy that has self-renewal capacity, is distinguishable in many respects, carries no ethical problems, and is becoming increasingly important as a source for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Bone and cartilage tissue is important for pathological events in wound healing and healing due to its role in human and animal health, especially in the skeletal system. For this purpose, it has been found that the use of single-phase skeletons in the organs where cell-biomaterials are used and that the tissues of different structures such as cartilage-bone tissues reduce the success. For this reason, it aims to develop a dual-phase scaffold with both bone and cartilage tissue adaptation. In the study, mesenchymal stem cells were obtained from bone marrow and fat tissue. After applying separate protocols for each stem cell culture and culture, mesenchymal stem cell characterization was performed by immunocytochemical analysis. Later, osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation media were provided to distinguish bone and cartilage precursor cells from each stem cell source. After the differentiation process, osteonectin and osteocalcin in bone precursor cells and collagen-II and Sox-9 distributions in cartilage precursor cells were examined by immunocytochemical analysis. Simultaneously with the cell culture studies, scaffold production was optimized. The scaffolds were started to be produced with a three-dimensional printer using 45S5 bioglass and sodium alginate for the layer to be integrated with the bone and continued layer by layer with reduced bioglass and increased hydrogel amount until pure alginate layer that is intended to integrate with cartilage. The differentiated cells were seeded on the biphasic 45S5 biocompatible scaffold produced, and the cells were distributed homogeneously on the scaffold. As a result of the study, the bone marrow stem cells were found to have higher proliferation and differentiation potentials than the stem cells obtained from fat tissue. It was determined that the differentiation increased exponentially after the 14th day, which started on the 7th day. No delamination was found in the tests made with biphasic tissue scaffolds. Tissue scaffolds allow for the assembly of differentiated stem cells in the direction of bone and cartilage. It has been shown that they provide the expected performance in tissue skeleton production and determination of their compatibility with stem cells. It is expected that 3D printed scaffolds can be used to solve existing clinical problems and have potential to provide feasible solutions. Understanding of cell interactions with the enhanced scaffold is of great importance for effective bone and cartilage formation in clinical routine treatment. It should also be noted that stem cell applications are an alternative to other methods of treatment in human and veterinary applications.