Cynips divisa (Hymenoptera:Cynipidae)'nın Türkiye'deki genetik çeşitliliğinin coğrafik dağılımı

Cynips divisa is an oak dependent gall wasp species with wide distribution range in the western Palearctic. Adults reared from asexual generation galls were used: i) to reveal genetic diversity of the species in Turkey, ii) to disclose geographic distribution of genetic diversity (intraspecific phylogeography) across the sampled range of the species, iii) to reveal genetic differentiation between and among populations, iv) to search for the possible factors that governed contemporary phylogeographic pattern, and v) evaluate findings of the thesis with the phylogenetic and phylogeographic results reported for other oak gall wasp species both from Turkey and the Palearctic region. After total DNA isolation from 278 individuals collected from 22 populations, partial mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and the entire nuclear ITS2 region were amplified, sequenced, and analyzed. All sequences produced 115 haplotypes and 15 alleles. Populations of C. divisa displayed high diversity with average h= 0.81818, π= 0.01197, and h= 0,31623, π= 0,00167 for cyt b gene and ITS2 region, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis pointed to separation of C. divisa from its congenerics around Pliocene. Diversification estimates of main haplogroups show signals of major lineage divergences through Quaternary period. Moreover, splits resulted in more shallow structuring during more recent glacial times covering the last 780.000 years appear to play a key role in the geographic distribution of genetic diversity of C. divisa in Turkey. KEYWORDS: Cynips divisa, Cynipidae, Genetic diversity, Geographic distribution, Oak gall wasp.