Seasonal variability of the diet, gastrointestinal helminth diversity, and stress hormone levels of the mountain gazelle (Gazella gazella)

Efficient conservation, sustainability, and management of mammalian species heavily rely on data and information obtained from natural populations. This thesis focuses on the dietary habits, stress levels, gastrointestinal parasite composition, and population dynamics of the mountain gazelle (Gazella gazella) population in Hatay Province, Turkey. This species exhibits its northernmost distribution within this region and comprises both captive and free-ranging populations. To elucidate the feeding patterns of mountain gazelles, fecal samples were subjected to metabarcoding analysis to identify the plant species consumed and discern seasonal variations in dietary preferences. Hormonal analyses via ELISA were conducted on fecal samples to assess stress levels in individuals, complemented by PCR for sex determination from the same sample groups. Stress levels were discussed in relation to sex, captivity status, and seasonal fluctuations. Conventional and molecular methods, including microscopic examination, PCR, and next-generation sequencing, were employed to analyze the composition and prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths. The findings reveal that gastrointestinal parasites exhibit higher abundance in the free-ranging population compared to the captive population, with variability observed across seasons. Stress levels showed consistent but low rates across both populations and genders, albeit with seasonal variations. Dietary analysis identified 153 distinct plant taxa consumed by mountain gazelles, highlighting a broader and more varied diet in the free-ranging population relative to the captive population. Seasonal shifts were prominent in the plant composition of fecal samples, indicating seasonal variability in feeding behavior. The findings have been interpreted by considering the environmental and human impacts that may affect the population status and quality of life of the mountain gazelles. This study offers a comprehensive framework for understanding the feeding habits, stress levels, and gastrointestinal parasite composition of mountain gazelle populations. These insights are poised to significantly inform conservation efforts and management strategies for the species, particularly in light of environmental changes and human impacts on population dynamics and overall well-being. From a One Health perspective, the study also contributes to managing zoonotic risks that are directly relevant to human health.