An investigation to different logging techniques in spruce stands on steep terrains for environmental aspect

Timber harvesting is the most intervention factor in forest operations and management practices on the environment. Harvesting includes felling, extraction, topping and branching, debarking, landing, cross cutting, loading and transportation. Man power, animal power and machine power (tractors, skylines) are the main techniques for timber harvesting in Turkey. Timber harvesting with insufficient planning, improper operational techniques and lack of control of operation can result in severe damage to forest soil, residual forest trees and seedlings, wildlife, and wood products.In this study, the efficiency and negative effects of logging with man power, machine and skyline were studied and effects of different logging techniques on ecosystems were compared. For this purpose, effects of different logging techniques on residues seedlings and trees, and wood products in the study areas will be researched on 15 sites.The results showed that timber harvesting techniques resulted in damages to residual trees, seedlings, and timber products, but the degree of damages caused by the harvesting techniques was significantly different. The highest level of damage was caused by manpower, followed by skidder and skyline harvesting technique. These results suggested that the damages caused by logging can be minimized by using proper timber harvesting techniques.Key words: Steep terrain, logging, physical damages, Spruce stand, Artvin regions