Deterjan kalıntılarının cam yüzeylerde karaketerizasyonu

The problem of white spots on dishwasher-washed dishes has been receiving significant attention with increased health awareness of consumers. There is a need for characterization of such white spots on dishes. In this thesis, we focused on identifying the chemical components in these white spots by considering penta-Sodium triphosphate (STPP, Na5P3O10) and tri-Sodium citrate dihydrate (sodium citrate, Na3C6H5O7), the most widely used components in detergent formulations. Spectroscopic and diffraction measurements have been carried out to analyze the dishwasher washed glass sample surfaces both qualitatively and quantitatively. For qualitative analysis, surfaces of the dishware were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the attenuated total reflectance mode (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (LA-ICP-MS). For quantitative analysis, UV-VIS-NIR absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the attenuated total reflectance mode (ATR-FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (LA-ICP-MS) were utilized to obtain quantitative calibration models for a range of STPP and sodium citrate concentrations (1 to 8% w/w) precipitated on glass surfaces. Then using these calibration curves, STPP and sodium citrate residues on the dishwasher-washed dishes were determined quantitatively by ATR-FTIR. In addition to these, a simple colorimetric analysis was also developed to detect residues of STPP and sodium citrate on dishwasher washed glass surfaces. Moreover, the hydrophilicity of these chemicals was measured by contact angle measurements and the toxicity assays were performed to elucidate the influence of STPP and sodium citrate on human kidney cells viability. Cell viability results showed a decreasing trend in the number of cells cultured with increasing concentrations and exposure time of sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium citrate in the medium. Results of this study provide opportunities for quantifying the detergent residues on dishwasher-washed dishes and assess their possible toxicity on live cells.