Rights over musical works broadcasted on digital platforms

This study focuses on the rights of music composers, performing artists, phonogram producers, and radio and television organizations regarding music works published on digital platforms. The digitization of music began in 1983 with the introduction of the compact disc. In 1993, the MP3 audio file format was released, enabling music works to rapidly and cost-effectively change hands in the digital domain. Napster, a peer-to-peer file exchange program founded in 1999, paved the way for the unauthorized reproduction and use of musical works. Such unauthorized uses have been tried to be prevented with digital rights management technologies. In 2003, Apple launched the legal music sales platform iTunes, which played a pioneering role in the emergence of the digital music industry. Subsequently, on-demand music streaming services such as Spotify, Apple Music, and YouTube Music emerged. These services sell subscriptions, providing users with access to millions of songs in their music catalogs for a monthly fee. The digital distribution of music works on these platforms involves recording and transferring them into the digital domain, a process made possible through the utilization of the reproduction right. The presentation of audio files of music works on digital platforms is considered making them accessible to the public. Therefore, making a work available to the public on the internet without the permission of the copyright holder would constitute a violation of both the reproduction and making available to the public rights of the copyright holder.