Recycling of biscuit crumbs by grinding in a vertical shaft mill

Biscuit-form breakages generated during ceramic production represent both environmental and economic challenges. This study focuses on recycling such waste materials by grinding them in a vertical shaft mill and reintegrating them into the ceramic production process. Prior to grinding, biscuit scraps were subjected to pre-treatment and then processed under specific milling conditions. To evaluate the chemical composition, phase structure, and microstructural characteristics of the ground samples, X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) analyses were conducted. The results indicate that the ground biscuit waste is suitable for reuse in ceramic formulations without negatively affecting the technical performance of the final product. This approach contributes to raw material conservation, reduction of industrial waste, and supports environmentally sustainable manufacturing. Furthermore, the analytical findings confirm that the vertical shaft mill is an efficient and eco-friendly method for recovering ceramic waste on an industrial scale.