The limitations of world civilization: The historical sociology of native in Turkey through Turkish cinema and the novel

This study aims to propose an alternative approach, theory, and method for discovering native subjects within Turkey's 700-year history without disrupting the hierarchical structure and interactions of world civilization. To achieve this objective, various theories employing explanatory and interpretive historical sociological methods are integrated in the initial stage. These theories include The Science of Umran, the Annales Movement, World System Theory, and the East-West Conflict Theory. Through this integration, the dominant subjects responsible for shaping different systems and centers of world civilization are identified. Consequently, the research reveals that the prevailing environmental and humanitarian crises within world civilization, politically, economically, and psychologically, persist due to the influence wielded by the Western and pro-Western subject. In the second stage, to offer an alternative perspective, the study highlights an authentic historical sociological approach that unveils the existence of "different subjects" in Turkey. This approach is then applied to analyze 20 Turkish novels and 44 Turkish cinemas that are related to Kemal Tahir's unique local intellectual position. As a result, it becomes evident that the "natives" played a significant role in the establishment, rise, and fall of the Ottoman Empire, which was a unique example in the Eastern and Western Systems. Consequently, the study concludes that the "World Civilization Theory" can be enriched by incorporating "Native Approaches," which effectively reveal "different subjects" through authentic historical sociological methods. This integration lays the groundwork for the necessary institutionalization of a non-violent and non-hierarchical transformative process on a global scale. Keywords: World civilization, Western subject, Pro-Western subject, Native subject